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Updated: Mar 18 2019

Endotoxins

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  • Introduction
    • Bacterial virulence
      • intrinsic characteristics that influence the bacterium’s ability to infect a host
      • endotoxins are a type of bacterial virulence factor
    • Endotoxins
      • a lipopolysaccharide found in the cell walls of gram-negative organisms
        • heat-stable
      • release into the body
        • via cell lysis or detachment from the bacteria
        • not actively secreted (unlike exotoxins)
        • bacterial lysis due to antibiotic treatment can cause a large release of endotoxins
      • components
        • O antigen
        • core polysaccharide
        • lipid A
      • causes shock, sepsis, DIC, and death
      • effects from lipid A component
        • macrophage activation
          • release of IL-1 and IL-6
            • fever
          • release of TNF-alpha
            • fever and hypotension
          • release of nitric oxide
            • hypotension
        • complement activation
          • C3a
            • histamine release, causing hypotension and edema
          • C5a
            • neutrophil chemotaxis
        • tissue factor activation
          • activates coagulation cascade
            • results in disseminated intravascular coagulation
      • Exotoxins vs Endotoxins
      • Exotoxin
      • Endotoxin
      • Species that produce the toxin
      • Some species of gram-positive and gram-negative organisms
      • Gram-negative organisms
      • Listeria
      • Method of release
      • Actively secreted
      • Bacterial cell lysis or fragmentation
      • Gene location
      • Plasmid or bacteriophage
      • Bacterial chromosome
      • Toxicity level
      • High toxicity
      • Low toxicity
      • Vaccines
      • Available for some toxins in the form of toxoids
      • No vaccines available
      • Properties
      • Heat-labile
      • Heat-stable
      • Examples
      • Vibrio cholera
      • Diphtheria
      • Salmonella
      • Shigella
      • Clostridium tetani
      • Clostridium botulinum
      • Neisseria meningitidis
      • Escherichia coli
      • Pseudomonas
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