Introduction Bacterial virulence intrinsic characteristics that influence the bacterium’s ability to infect a host endotoxins are a type of bacterial virulence factor Endotoxins a lipopolysaccharide found in the cell walls of gram-negative organisms heat-stable release into the body via cell lysis or detachment from the bacteria not actively secreted (unlike exotoxins) bacterial lysis due to antibiotic treatment can cause a large release of endotoxins components O antigen core polysaccharide lipid A causes shock, sepsis, DIC, and death effects from lipid A component macrophage activation release of IL-1 and IL-6 fever release of TNF-alpha fever and hypotension release of nitric oxide hypotension complement activation C3a histamine release, causing hypotension and edema C5a neutrophil chemotaxis tissue factor activation activates coagulation cascade results in disseminated intravascular coagulation Exotoxins vs EndotoxinsExotoxinEndotoxinSpecies that produce the toxinSome species of gram-positive and gram-negative organismsGram-negative organismsListeriaMethod of releaseActively secretedBacterial cell lysis or fragmentationGene locationPlasmid or bacteriophageBacterial chromosomeToxicity levelHigh toxicityLow toxicityVaccinesAvailable for some toxins in the form of toxoidsNo vaccines availablePropertiesHeat-labileHeat-stableExamplesVibrio choleraDiphtheriaSalmonellaShigellaClostridium tetaniClostridium botulinumNeisseria meningitidisEscherichia coliPseudomonas
QUESTIONS 1 of 1 1 Previous Next Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK