Overview Enhancer function allow signal transduced to ↑ transcription act by binding and bending DNA such that they can act on the promoter directly location may be very far from gene locus may be within gene locus orientation does not matter examples glucocorticoid response elements (GREs) bind glucocorticoid estrogen response elements (EREs) bind estrogen cAMP response element (CREs) bind cAMP Silencers act in a mechanism similar to enhancers but ↓ transcription Upstream promoter elements function allow transcription factor induced transcription ↑ location close to gene locus examples CCAAT box bind NF-1 TATA box 5'-UTR untranslated region upstream of start codon Kozak consensus sequence GCCGCCRCCAUGG, where R is A or G three bases upstream from AUG start codon plays a major role in initiation of translation a mutation in the Kozak consensus sequence may cause β-thalassemia intermedia Start codon codes for methionine (AUG) beginning of translated (coding) region Coding region between start codon and stop codon following transcription contains introns and exons (eukaryotes) Stop codon UGA, UAG, UAA terminates translation 3'-UTR untranslated region downstream of stop codon
QUESTIONS 1 of 4 1 2 3 4 Previous Next Lab Values Blood Hematologic Cerebrospinal Sweat, Urine, and BMI Blood, Plasma, Serum Reference Range ALT 8-20 U/L Amylase, serum 25-125 U/L AST 8-20 U/L Bilirubin, serum (adult) Total // Direct 0.1-1.0 mg/dL // 0.0-0.3 mg/dL Calcium, serum (Ca2+) 8.4-10.2 mg/dL Cholesterol, serum Rec: < 200 mg/dL Cortisol, serum 0800 h: 5-23 μg/dL //1600 h: 3-15 μg/dL 2000 h: ≤ 50% of 0800 h Creatine kinase, serum Male: 25-90 U/LFemale: 10-70 U/L Creatinine, serum 0.6-1.2 mg/dL Electrolytes, serum Sodium (Na+) 136-145 mEq/L Chloride (Cl-) 95-105 mEq/L Potassium (K+) 3.5-5.0 mEq/L Bicarbonate (HCO3-) 22-28 mEq/L Magnesium (Mg2+) 1.5-2.0 mEq/L Estriol, total, serum (in pregnancy) 24-28 wks // 32-36 wks 30-170 ng/mL // 60-280 ng/mL 28-32 wk // 36-40 wks 40-220 ng/mL // 80-350 ng/mL Ferritin, serum Male: 15-200 ng/mLFemale: 12-150 ng/mL Follicle-stimulating hormone, serum/plasma Male: 4-25 mIU/mL Female: premenopause: 4-30 mIU/mL midcycle peak: 10-90 mIU/mL postmenopause: 40-250 pH 7.35-7.45 PCO2 33-45 mmHg PO2 75-105 mmHg Glucose, serum Fasting: 70-110 mg/dL2-h postprandial:<120 mg/dL Growth hormone - arginine stimulation Fasting: <5 ng/mLProvocative stimuli: > 7ng/mL Immunoglobulins, serum IgA 76-390 mg/dL IgE 0-380 IU/mL IgG 650-1500 mg/dL IgM 40-345 mg/dL Iron 50-170 μg/dL Lactate dehydrogenase, serum 45-90 U/L Luteinizing hormone, serum/plasma Male: 6-23 mIU/mL Female: follicular phase: 5-30 mIU/mL midcycle: 75-150 mIU/mL postmenopause 30-200 mIU/mL Osmolality, serum 275-295 mOsmol/kd H2O Parathyroid hormone, serume, N-terminal 230-630 pg/mL Phosphatase (alkaline), serum (p-NPP at 30° C) 20-70 U/L Phosphorus (inorganic), serum 3.0-4.5 mg/dL Prolactin, serum (hPRL) < 20 ng/mL Proteins, serum Total (recumbent) 6.0-7.8 g/dL Albumin 3.5-5.5 g/dL Globulin 2.3-3.5 g/dL Thyroid-stimulating hormone, serum or plasma .5-5.0 μU/mL Thyroidal iodine (123I) uptake 8%-30% of administered dose/24h Thyroxine (T4), serum 5-12 μg/dL Triglycerides, serum 35-160 mg/dL Triiodothyronine (T3), serum (RIA) 115-190 ng/dL Triiodothyronine (T3) resin uptake 25%-35% Urea nitrogen, serum 7-18 mg/dL Uric acid, serum 3.0-8.2 mg/dL Hematologic Reference Range Bleeding time 2-7 minutes Erythrocyte count Male: 4.3-5.9 million/mm3Female: 3.5-5.5 million mm3 Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (Westergren) Male: 0-15 mm/hFemale: 0-20 mm/h Hematocrit Male: 41%-53%Female: 36%-46% Hemoglobin A1c ≤ 6 % Hemoglobin, blood Male: 13.5-17.5 g/dLFemale: 12.0-16.0 g/dL Hemoglobin, plasma 1-4 mg/dL Leukocyte count and differential Leukocyte count 4,500-11,000/mm3 Segmented neutrophils 54%-62% Bands 3%-5% Eosinophils 1%-3% Basophils 0%-0.75% Lymphocytes 25%-33% Monocytes 3%-7% Mean corpuscular hemoglobin 25.4-34.6 pg/cell Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration 31%-36% Hb/cell Mean corpuscular volume 80-100 μm3 Partial thromboplastin time (activated) 25-40 seconds Platelet count 150,000-400,000/mm3 Prothrombin time 11-15 seconds Reticulocyte count 0.5%-1.5% of red cells Thrombin time < 2 seconds deviation from control Volume Plasma Male: 25-43 mL/kgFemale: 28-45 mL/kg Red cell Male: 20-36 mL/kgFemale: 19-31 mL/kg Cerebrospinal Fluid Reference Range Cell count 0-5/mm3 Chloride 118-132 mEq/L Gamma globulin 3%-12% total proteins Glucose 40-70 mg/dL Pressure 70-180 mm H2O Proteins, total < 40 mg/dL Sweat Reference Range Chloride 0-35 mmol/L Urine Calcium 100-300 mg/24 h Chloride Varies with intake Creatinine clearance Male: 97-137 mL/minFemale: 88-128 mL/min Estriol, total (in pregnancy) 30 wks 6-18 mg/24 h 35 wks 9-28 mg/24 h 40 wks 13-42 mg/24 h 17-Hydroxycorticosteroids Male: 3.0-10.0 mg/24 hFemale: 2.0-8.0 mg/24 h 17-Ketosteroids, total Male: 8-20 mg/24 hFemale: 6-15 mg/24 h Osmolality 50-1400 mOsmol/kg H2O Oxalate 8-40 μg/mL Potassium Varies with diet Proteins, total < 150 mg/24 h Sodium Varies with diet Uric acid Varies with diet Body Mass Index (BMI) Adult: 19-25 kg/m2 Calculator ( ) xy AC 7 8 9 ÷ 4 5 6 × 1 2 3 - 0 . = + You have 100% on this question. Just skip this one for now. Take This Question Anyway (M1.BC.15.14) A 5-year-old boy presents to the pediatrician after his parents noted that he could not sustain physical exertion and would experience muscle cramping. It was noted that after physical exertion the boy experienced severe muscle pain. After a series of biochemical and genetic tests, it was discovered the that the boy had a nonsense mutation in the gene encoding the muscle glycogen phosphorylase. Thus he was diagnosed with McArdle's disease. Which of the following mRNA changes would be expected to cause this mutation? Review Topic | Tested Concept QID: 100079 Type & Select Correct Answer 1 UGU -> CGC 4% (9/216) 2 AUG -> UCA 6% (12/216) 3 CUG -> AUG 10% (21/216) 4 UGA -> UAG 15% (32/216) 5 UAU -> UAA 62% (134/216) L 1 Question Complexity D Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 5 Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK You have 100% on this question. Just skip this one for now. Take This Question Anyway (M1.BC.14.1) Which of the following trinucleotide DNA sequences would initiate protein translation when converted to mRNA? Review Topic | Tested Concept QID: 106279 Type & Select Correct Answer 1 3' - TAC - 5' 54% (14/26) 2 3' - ACT - 5' 8% (2/26) 3 3' - ATC - 5' 8% (2/26) 4 3' - ATT - 5' 19% (5/26) 5 3' - AAA - 5' 4% (1/26) L 1 Question Complexity E Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 1 You have 100% on this question. Just skip this one for now. Take This Question Anyway (M1.BC.13.30) Given the mRNA sequence shown below, if translation were to start at the first base, what would the tRNA anticodon be for the last amino acid translated in the chain?5'----GCACCGGCCUGACUAUAA---3' Review Topic | Tested Concept QID: 100095 Type & Select Correct Answer 1 3' GCG 5' 2% (8/382) 2 3' CGC 5' 6% (23/382) 3 3' GAU 5' 24% (92/382) 4 5' CGG 3' 20% (75/382) 5 3' CGG 5' 43% (163/382) L 1 Question Complexity E Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 5
All Videos (1) Podcasts (0) Login to View Community Videos Login to View Community Videos Promoter and Termination sites of Transcription Keshav Mudgal Biochemistry - Gene Organization 1/14/2016 52 views (1)