Snap Shot A 65-year-old-male presents with complaints of epigastric pain and belching, which improves when he eats food, but gets worse within a few hours after his meal. He said he has noticed a change in the color of his stool. Introduction Painful sores or ulcers in the lining of the stomach or duodenum breach in the mucosa with extension into the submucosa or deeper Occurs when gastric acid secretion outweighs mucosal defenses most commonly due to decreased mucosal barrier NSAIDs H.pylori smoking less commonly due to acid hypersecretion such as gastrinoma (Zollinger-Ellison syndrome) Classification Duodenal ulcers more common, usually in first part of duodenum typically due to H. pylori, which infects the antrum of the stomach and causes increased acid in the duodenum low risk of malignancy caused by acid hypersecretion or ↓ mucosal barrier Gastric ulcers less common, usually in lesser curvature of stomach higher risk of malignancy not caused by acid hypersecretion Presentation Duodenal ulcer chronic dull, burning, aching epigastric pain that may radiate to the back improves with meals, but worsens 1-3 hours after eating awaken patient at night Gastric ulcer midepigastric, gnawing pain worse with meals Physical exam ulcer perforations can present with pain in right shoulder rebound tenderness ileus as a result of chemical peritonitis peritoneal signs secondary to acute perforation Evaluation H. pylori see Gastritis topic Upper endoscopy must have biopsy to rule out malignancy in gastric ulcers do not need to biopsy duodenal ulcers non-malignant appearance has "punched-out" margins malignant appearance has raised/irregular margins Serology serum gastrin to rule out Zollinger-Ellison syndrome Treatment Lifestyle discontinue smoking and NSAIDs Pharmacologic mucosal protectors bismuth sucralfate misoprostol acid control proton pump inhibitors (PPI's) H2 receptor antagonist antibiotics eradicate H. pylori Surgical parietal cell vagotomy indicated in refractory duodenal cases Complications Gastric/duodenal perforations abdominal radiograph will show "air under the diaphgram" Hemorrhage from left gastric artery in gastric ulcers from gastroduodenal artery in duodenal ulcers Gastric outlet obstruction
QUESTIONS 1 of 5 1 2 3 4 5 Previous Next Lab Values Blood Hematologic Cerebrospinal Sweat, Urine, and BMI Blood, Plasma, Serum Reference Range ALT 8-20 U/L Amylase, serum 25-125 U/L AST 8-20 U/L Bilirubin, serum (adult) Total // Direct 0.1-1.0 mg/dL // 0.0-0.3 mg/dL Calcium, serum (Ca2+) 8.4-10.2 mg/dL Cholesterol, serum Rec: < 200 mg/dL Cortisol, serum 0800 h: 5-23 μg/dL //1600 h: 3-15 μg/dL 2000 h: ≤ 50% of 0800 h Creatine kinase, serum Male: 25-90 U/LFemale: 10-70 U/L Creatinine, serum 0.6-1.2 mg/dL Electrolytes, serum Sodium (Na+) 136-145 mEq/L Chloride (Cl-) 95-105 mEq/L Potassium (K+) 3.5-5.0 mEq/L Bicarbonate (HCO3-) 22-28 mEq/L Magnesium (Mg2+) 1.5-2.0 mEq/L Estriol, total, serum (in pregnancy) 24-28 wks // 32-36 wks 30-170 ng/mL // 60-280 ng/mL 28-32 wk // 36-40 wks 40-220 ng/mL // 80-350 ng/mL Ferritin, serum Male: 15-200 ng/mLFemale: 12-150 ng/mL Follicle-stimulating hormone, serum/plasma Male: 4-25 mIU/mL Female: premenopause: 4-30 mIU/mL midcycle peak: 10-90 mIU/mL postmenopause: 40-250 pH 7.35-7.45 PCO2 33-45 mmHg PO2 75-105 mmHg Glucose, serum Fasting: 70-110 mg/dL2-h postprandial:<120 mg/dL Growth hormone - arginine stimulation Fasting: <5 ng/mLProvocative stimuli: > 7ng/mL Immunoglobulins, serum IgA 76-390 mg/dL IgE 0-380 IU/mL IgG 650-1500 mg/dL IgM 40-345 mg/dL Iron 50-170 μg/dL Lactate dehydrogenase, serum 45-90 U/L Luteinizing hormone, serum/plasma Male: 6-23 mIU/mL Female: follicular phase: 5-30 mIU/mL midcycle: 75-150 mIU/mL postmenopause 30-200 mIU/mL Osmolality, serum 275-295 mOsmol/kd H2O Parathyroid hormone, serume, N-terminal 230-630 pg/mL Phosphatase (alkaline), serum (p-NPP at 30° C) 20-70 U/L Phosphorus (inorganic), serum 3.0-4.5 mg/dL Prolactin, serum (hPRL) < 20 ng/mL Proteins, serum Total (recumbent) 6.0-7.8 g/dL Albumin 3.5-5.5 g/dL Globulin 2.3-3.5 g/dL Thyroid-stimulating hormone, serum or plasma .5-5.0 μU/mL Thyroidal iodine (123I) uptake 8%-30% of administered dose/24h Thyroxine (T4), serum 5-12 μg/dL Triglycerides, serum 35-160 mg/dL Triiodothyronine (T3), serum (RIA) 115-190 ng/dL Triiodothyronine (T3) resin uptake 25%-35% Urea nitrogen, serum 7-18 mg/dL Uric acid, serum 3.0-8.2 mg/dL Hematologic Reference Range Bleeding time 2-7 minutes Erythrocyte count Male: 4.3-5.9 million/mm3Female: 3.5-5.5 million mm3 Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (Westergren) Male: 0-15 mm/hFemale: 0-20 mm/h Hematocrit Male: 41%-53%Female: 36%-46% Hemoglobin A1c ≤ 6 % Hemoglobin, blood Male: 13.5-17.5 g/dLFemale: 12.0-16.0 g/dL Hemoglobin, plasma 1-4 mg/dL Leukocyte count and differential Leukocyte count 4,500-11,000/mm3 Segmented neutrophils 54%-62% Bands 3%-5% Eosinophils 1%-3% Basophils 0%-0.75% Lymphocytes 25%-33% Monocytes 3%-7% Mean corpuscular hemoglobin 25.4-34.6 pg/cell Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration 31%-36% Hb/cell Mean corpuscular volume 80-100 μm3 Partial thromboplastin time (activated) 25-40 seconds Platelet count 150,000-400,000/mm3 Prothrombin time 11-15 seconds Reticulocyte count 0.5%-1.5% of red cells Thrombin time < 2 seconds deviation from control Volume Plasma Male: 25-43 mL/kgFemale: 28-45 mL/kg Red cell Male: 20-36 mL/kgFemale: 19-31 mL/kg Cerebrospinal Fluid Reference Range Cell count 0-5/mm3 Chloride 118-132 mEq/L Gamma globulin 3%-12% total proteins Glucose 40-70 mg/dL Pressure 70-180 mm H2O Proteins, total < 40 mg/dL Sweat Reference Range Chloride 0-35 mmol/L Urine Calcium 100-300 mg/24 h Chloride Varies with intake Creatinine clearance Male: 97-137 mL/minFemale: 88-128 mL/min Estriol, total (in pregnancy) 30 wks 6-18 mg/24 h 35 wks 9-28 mg/24 h 40 wks 13-42 mg/24 h 17-Hydroxycorticosteroids Male: 3.0-10.0 mg/24 hFemale: 2.0-8.0 mg/24 h 17-Ketosteroids, total Male: 8-20 mg/24 hFemale: 6-15 mg/24 h Osmolality 50-1400 mOsmol/kg H2O Oxalate 8-40 μg/mL Potassium Varies with diet Proteins, total < 150 mg/24 h Sodium Varies with diet Uric acid Varies with diet Body Mass Index (BMI) Adult: 19-25 kg/m2 Calculator ( ) xy AC 7 8 9 ÷ 4 5 6 × 1 2 3 - 0 . = + Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK (M1.GI.4) A 41-year-old male who takes NSAIDs regularly for his chronic back pain develops severe abdominal pain worse with eating. Upper endoscopy is performed and the medical student asks the supervising physician how the histological differentiation between a gastric ulcer and erosion is made. Which of the following layers of the gastric mucosa MUST be breached for a lesion to be considered an ulcer? Review Topic QID: 101061 1 Epithelium 4% (6/147) 2 Epithelium, lamina propria 7% (10/147) 3 Epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa 22% (32/147) 4 Epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa, and submucosa 63% (93/147) 5 Epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa, submucosa, and adventitia 2% (3/147) M1 Select Answer to see Preferred Response PREFERRED RESPONSE 4 (M1.GI.20) A 52-year-old Caucasian male presents to your office complaining of black, tarry stool. Which of the following possible causes of this patient's presentation is LEAST associated with the development of carcinoma? Review Topic QID: 101077 1 Barrett's esophagus 6% (1/18) 2 H. pylori infection 0% (0/18) 3 Adenomatous polyp 22% (4/18) 4 Gastric ulcer 6% (1/18) 5 Duodenal ulcer 67% (12/18) M1 Select Answer to see Preferred Response PREFERRED RESPONSE 5 (M1.GI.76) A 34-year-old Caucasian male presents with symptoms consistent with peptic ulcer disease. The physician suspects H. pylori infection and decides to perform a biopsy. By looking at Figure A, which site corresponds to the most likely location of the bacterium? Review Topic QID: 101133 FIGURES: A 1 A 0% (0/22) 2 B 23% (5/22) 3 C 64% (14/22) 4 D 0% (0/22) 5 E 9% (2/22) M1 Select Answer to see Preferred Response PREFERRED RESPONSE 3
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