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Updated: Apr 26 2022

Overview of GI Hormones

  • Overview
      • Hormone
      • Source
      • Action
      • Regulation
      • Notes
      • Gastrin
      • G cells (stomach-antrum)
      • ↑ gastric H+ secretion
      • ↑ growth of gastric mucosa
      • ↑ gastric motility
      • ↑ by stomach distension
      • ↑ by amino acids, small peptides
      • ↑ by vagal stimulation (GRP)
      • ↓ by stomach pH < 1.5
      • ↓ by somatostatin
      • ↑↑ inZollinger-Ellison syndrome
      • Phenylalanine and tryptophan are potent stimulators
      • Cholecystokinin (CCK)
      • I cells (duodenum, jejunum)
      • ↑ pancreatic secretion
      • ↑ gallbladder contraction and relaxation of sphincter of Oddi
      • ↓ gastric emptying
      • ↑ by amino acids, small peptides
      • ↑ by fatty acids
      • A patient with cholelithiasis (gallstones) experiences worsened pain after fatty food ingestion due to ↑ release of CCK
      • S cells (duodenum)
      • ↑ pancreatic HCO3-secretion
      • ↑ biliary HCO3-secretion
      • ↓ gastric H+ secretion
      • ↑ by H+ in duodenum
      • ↑ by fatty acids in duodenum
      • ↑ HCO3- neutralizes gastric H+ in duodenum, essential for fat digestion (pancreatic lipases have pH optimums between 6 and 8)
      • Somatostatin
      • D cells ( GI mucosa)delta cells (endocrine pancreas)
      • ↓ gastric H+ and pepsinogen secretion
      • ↓ pancreatic and small intestine fluid secretion
      • ↓ gallbladder contraction
      • ↓ insulin and glucagon release
      • ↑ by H+
      • ↓ by vagal stimulation
      • Inhibitory hormone
      • Antigrowth hormone effects (digestion and absorption of substances needed for growth)
      • Somatostatin is treatment forVIPoma andcarcinoid tumors
      • Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP)
      • K cells (duodenum, jejunum)
      • exocrine: ↓ gastric H+ secretion
      • endocrine: ↑ insulin secretion by pancreatic beta cells
      • ↑ by fatty acids
      • ↑ by amino acids
      • ↑ by oral glucose
      • An oral glucose load is utilized by cells more rapidly than an equivalent IV glucose load
      • Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)
      • parasympathetic ganglia in sphincters, gallbladder, and small intestine
      • ↑ intestinal water and electrolyte secretion
      • ↑ relaxation of intestinal smooth muscle and sphincters
      • ↑ by distention and vagal stimulation
      • ↓ by adrenergic input
      • VIPoma is a non-α, non-β islet cell pancreatic tumor that secretes VIP and causes copious diarrhea
      • Nitric oxide (NO)
      • -
      • ↑ smooth muscle relaxation ( lower esophageal sphincter)
      • -
      • Loss of NO secretion is implicated in ↑ lower esophageal tone of achalasia
      • Motilin
      • small intestine (upper duodenum)
      • increases GI motility
      • produces migrating motor complexes (MMCs)
      • ↑ in fasting state
      • -
      • Ghrelin
      • P/D1 cells (stomach)
      • ↑ growth hormone, ACTH, cortisol, and prolactin secretion
      • ↑ before meals
      • ↓ after meals
      • Regulates hunger, meal initiation
      • Lost following gastric bypass surgery
      • Associated with hyperphagia in Prader-Willi
      • Neuropeptide-Y
      • neurons of sympathetic nervous system
      • ↑ appetite, ↓ energy expenditure
      • Ghrelin ↑ release
      • Leptin ↓ release
      • -
      • Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)
      • L cells (endocrine cells of the intestinal epithelium)
      • ↑ glucose-induced insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells
      • ↓ glucagon secretion
      • ↓ GI motility and secretions
      • Promotes satiety
      • Secreted in response to meal intake
      • Degraded by dipeptidyl peptidase IV
      • -
      • Adipocytes in adipose tissue
      • ↓ appetite
      • proportional to total body fat mass
      • deficiency results in hyperphagia
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