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Updated: Apr 13 2019

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis (Female)

Images
https://upload.medbullets.com/topic/116071/images/female repro hp axis reg.jpg
https://upload.medbullets.com/topic/116071/images/hypo-pit-axis-female.jpg
  • Overview
    • Overview
      • hypothalamic-pituitary axis controls 2 functions of ovaries
        • oogenesis
        • synthesis and secretion of female sex steroid hormones
          • progesterone and 17β-estradiol (estrogen)
    • Hypothalamic-pituitary axis
      • hypothalamus
        • GnRH
          • aka gonadotropin-releasing hormone
          • pulsatile GnRH secretion via preoptic nucleus of hypothalamus
            • GnRH travels in hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal blood system
            • GnRH acts on gonadotrophs in anterior lobe of pituitary
              • GnRH → ↑ FSH and ↑ LH (pulsatile)
      • pituitary
        • follicular phase of menstrual cycle
          • LH
            • aka luteinizing hormone
            • LH → (+) theca cells → ↑ progesterone and androstenedione
              • LH acts on theca cells
                • increases activity of cholesterol desmolase
                  • increases synthesis/secretion of progesterone
                  • increases synthesis/secretion of androstenedione
                    • androstenedione diffuses from theca cells to granulosa cells
          • FSH
            • aka follicle-stimulating hormone
            • FSH → (+) granulosa cells → ↑ 17β-estradiol
              • FSH acts on granulosa cells
                • increases activity of aromatase
                  • increases synthesis/secretion of 17β-estradiol
                • androstenedione diffuses from theca cells to granulosa cells
                  • granulosa cells express 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
                    • catalyzes conversion of androstenedione to testosterone
                  • granulosa cells express aromatase
                    • catalyzes conversion of testosterone to 17β-estradiol
          • negative feedback
            • 17β-estradiol (via granulosa cells)
              • ↑ 17β-estradiol → (-) hypothalamus → ↓ GnRH
                • 17β-estradiol acts on hypothalamus
                  • downregulates GnRH secretion
              • ↑ 17β-estradiol → (-) anterior pituitary → ↓ FSH and ↓ LH
                • 17β-estradiol acts on anterior lobe of pituitary
                  • downregulates LH and FSH secretion
        • midpoint of menstrual cycle (ovulation)
          • positive feedback
            • 17β-estradiol (via granulosa cells)
              • ↑↑ 17β-estradiol → (+) hypothalamus → ↑ GnRH
                • 17β-estradiol acts on hypothalamus
                  • upregulates GnRH secretion
              • ↑↑ 17β-estradiol → (+) anterior pituitary → ↑↑ FSH, ↑↑ LH
                • 17β-estradiol acts on anterior lobe of pituitary
                  • upregulates LH, FSH secretion
        • luteal phase of menstrual cycle
          • LH surge
            • ↑↑ LH → (+) corpus luteum → ↑ progesterone
              • LH acts on corpus luteum
                • increases synthesis/secretion of progesterone
          • negative feedback
            • progesterone (via granulosa lutein cells and theca lutein cells)
              • ↑ progesterone → (-) hypothalamus → ↓ GnRH
                • progesterone acts on hypothalamus
                  • downregulates GnRH secretion
              • ↑ progesterone → (-) anterior pituitary → ↓ FSH and ↓ LH
                • progesterone acts on anterior lobe of pituitary
                  • downregulates LH and FSH secretion
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