Introduction Failure of testes to descend into the scrotum unilaterally or bilaterally normally mediated by MIF + androgens Testicle most commonly located in the inguinal canal can also be intra-abdominal Associated conditions prematurity Kallmann's syndrome cystic fibrosis testicular feminization Treatment Orchidopexy Prognosis, Prevention, and Complications Prognosis most descend by 3 months if natural descent does not occur by this time it must be removed surgically by 2 years Complications infertility reduced spermatogenesis due to ↑ body temperature atrophy/hyalinization of the seminiferous tubules due to ↑ body temperature testicular torsion seminoma/germ cell cancers ↑ risk of development risk also applies to contralateral testicle even if it descended normally