Simple learning Habituation repeated stimulation → ↓ response Sensitization repeated stimulation → ↑ response Classical conditioning Reflexive response normally elicited by an unconditioned stimulus becomes evocable by a second, conditioned stimulus Pavlov's dogs are the typical example of classical conditioning ringing a bell provoked salivation natural response = salivation conditioned stimulus = bell unconditioned stimulus = food Extinction occurs when the conditioned stimulus is no longer associated with the unconditioned stimulus. over time the response will no longer be elicited Operant conditioning Type of learning in which reward elicits action Positive reinforcement desired reward produces action e.g. mouse presses button to get food Negative reinforcement removal of aversive stimulus elicits behavior e.g. mouse presses button to avoid shock Punishment aversive stimulus prevents unwanted behavior Extinction discontinuation of reinforcement eliminates behavior Reinforcement schedules Pattern of reinforcement determines how quickly a behavior is learned or extinguished Continuous reward received after every response rapidly extinguished think "vending machine" Variable ratio reward received after random number of responses slowly extinguished think "slot machine"