Snapshot A 52 year-old man complains of increased hat size and headaches when he wakes up in the morning. Physical exam reveals mild diastolic hypertension, prominant jaw with spaces between the teeth, large hands and feet, and generalized muscle weakness. Introduction Benign pituitary adenoma that releases excess growth hormone GH stimulates release of insulin growth-like factor 1 Gigantism if the condition occurs before the fusion of the epiphysis Acromegaly if it occurs after skeletal epiphyseal closure Presentation Symptoms generalized enlargement of bone and soft tissue large hands and feet frontal bossing leads to increased hat size space between teeth jaw grows but teeth remain the same size macroglossia carpal tunnel syndrome size of median nerve increases due to edema Physical exam HTN due to the anti-naturiuretic action of GH Evaluation Photographic changes for acromegalic features examine an old photograph to reveal changes in facial bones Serology ↑ IGF-1 more sensitive test because the level is more constant than the pulsatile release of GH hyperglycemia due to gluconeogenic action of GH Suppression tests GH release not suppressed by glucose challenge MRI/CT shows enlargement of sella turcica on imaging Cardiomegaly on CXR hypertrophy of left ventricle Treatment Surgical transphenoidal surgery Medical octreotide (somatostatin analogue) supresses GH release dopamine analog second line for refractory tumors GH receptor antagonists pegvisomant Prognosis, Prevention, and Complications Cardiomegaly progressing to CHF is the most common cause of death
QUESTIONS 1 of 4 1 2 3 4 Previous Next Lab Values Blood Hematologic Cerebrospinal Sweat, Urine, and BMI Blood, Plasma, Serum Reference Range ALT 8-20 U/L Amylase, serum 25-125 U/L AST 8-20 U/L Bilirubin, serum (adult) Total // Direct 0.1-1.0 mg/dL // 0.0-0.3 mg/dL Calcium, serum (Ca2+) 8.4-10.2 mg/dL Cholesterol, serum Rec: < 200 mg/dL Cortisol, serum 0800 h: 5-23 μg/dL //1600 h: 3-15 μg/dL 2000 h: ≤ 50% of 0800 h Creatine kinase, serum Male: 25-90 U/LFemale: 10-70 U/L Creatinine, serum 0.6-1.2 mg/dL Electrolytes, serum Sodium (Na+) 136-145 mEq/L Chloride (Cl-) 95-105 mEq/L Potassium (K+) 3.5-5.0 mEq/L Bicarbonate (HCO3-) 22-28 mEq/L Magnesium (Mg2+) 1.5-2.0 mEq/L Estriol, total, serum (in pregnancy) 24-28 wks // 32-36 wks 30-170 ng/mL // 60-280 ng/mL 28-32 wk // 36-40 wks 40-220 ng/mL // 80-350 ng/mL Ferritin, serum Male: 15-200 ng/mLFemale: 12-150 ng/mL Follicle-stimulating hormone, serum/plasma Male: 4-25 mIU/mL Female: premenopause: 4-30 mIU/mL midcycle peak: 10-90 mIU/mL postmenopause: 40-250 pH 7.35-7.45 PCO2 33-45 mmHg PO2 75-105 mmHg Glucose, serum Fasting: 70-110 mg/dL2-h postprandial:<120 mg/dL Growth hormone - arginine stimulation Fasting: <5 ng/mLProvocative stimuli: > 7ng/mL Immunoglobulins, serum IgA 76-390 mg/dL IgE 0-380 IU/mL IgG 650-1500 mg/dL IgM 40-345 mg/dL Iron 50-170 μg/dL Lactate dehydrogenase, serum 45-90 U/L Luteinizing hormone, serum/plasma Male: 6-23 mIU/mL Female: follicular phase: 5-30 mIU/mL midcycle: 75-150 mIU/mL postmenopause 30-200 mIU/mL Osmolality, serum 275-295 mOsmol/kd H2O Parathyroid hormone, serume, N-terminal 230-630 pg/mL Phosphatase (alkaline), serum (p-NPP at 30° C) 20-70 U/L Phosphorus (inorganic), serum 3.0-4.5 mg/dL Prolactin, serum (hPRL) < 20 ng/mL Proteins, serum Total (recumbent) 6.0-7.8 g/dL Albumin 3.5-5.5 g/dL Globulin 2.3-3.5 g/dL Thyroid-stimulating hormone, serum or plasma .5-5.0 μU/mL Thyroidal iodine (123I) uptake 8%-30% of administered dose/24h Thyroxine (T4), serum 5-12 μg/dL Triglycerides, serum 35-160 mg/dL Triiodothyronine (T3), serum (RIA) 115-190 ng/dL Triiodothyronine (T3) resin uptake 25%-35% Urea nitrogen, serum 7-18 mg/dL Uric acid, serum 3.0-8.2 mg/dL Hematologic Reference Range Bleeding time 2-7 minutes Erythrocyte count Male: 4.3-5.9 million/mm3Female: 3.5-5.5 million mm3 Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (Westergren) Male: 0-15 mm/hFemale: 0-20 mm/h Hematocrit Male: 41%-53%Female: 36%-46% Hemoglobin A1c ≤ 6 % Hemoglobin, blood Male: 13.5-17.5 g/dLFemale: 12.0-16.0 g/dL Hemoglobin, plasma 1-4 mg/dL Leukocyte count and differential Leukocyte count 4,500-11,000/mm3 Segmented neutrophils 54%-62% Bands 3%-5% Eosinophils 1%-3% Basophils 0%-0.75% Lymphocytes 25%-33% Monocytes 3%-7% Mean corpuscular hemoglobin 25.4-34.6 pg/cell Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration 31%-36% Hb/cell Mean corpuscular volume 80-100 μm3 Partial thromboplastin time (activated) 25-40 seconds Platelet count 150,000-400,000/mm3 Prothrombin time 11-15 seconds Reticulocyte count 0.5%-1.5% of red cells Thrombin time < 2 seconds deviation from control Volume Plasma Male: 25-43 mL/kgFemale: 28-45 mL/kg Red cell Male: 20-36 mL/kgFemale: 19-31 mL/kg Cerebrospinal Fluid Reference Range Cell count 0-5/mm3 Chloride 118-132 mEq/L Gamma globulin 3%-12% total proteins Glucose 40-70 mg/dL Pressure 70-180 mm H2O Proteins, total < 40 mg/dL Sweat Reference Range Chloride 0-35 mmol/L Urine Calcium 100-300 mg/24 h Chloride Varies with intake Creatinine clearance Male: 97-137 mL/minFemale: 88-128 mL/min Estriol, total (in pregnancy) 30 wks 6-18 mg/24 h 35 wks 9-28 mg/24 h 40 wks 13-42 mg/24 h 17-Hydroxycorticosteroids Male: 3.0-10.0 mg/24 hFemale: 2.0-8.0 mg/24 h 17-Ketosteroids, total Male: 8-20 mg/24 hFemale: 6-15 mg/24 h Osmolality 50-1400 mOsmol/kg H2O Oxalate 8-40 μg/mL Potassium Varies with diet Proteins, total < 150 mg/24 h Sodium Varies with diet Uric acid Varies with diet Body Mass Index (BMI) Adult: 19-25 kg/m2 Calculator ( ) xy AC 7 8 9 ÷ 4 5 6 × 1 2 3 - 0 . = + (M1.EC.4720) A 65-year-old woman presents to her primary care doctor with progressively worsening headaches over the last few years. She has recently been diagnosed with diabetes mellitus and started metformin a week ago. She has no other significant past medical history and has never smoked. Her husband also reports that her face has changed over the past few months. An earlier photograph of this patient and her current appearance are shown side by side in Figure A. Which of the following would most likely be the best test for diagnosing this patient? Review Topic QID: 108512 FIGURES: A 1 Facial radiograph 1% (1/86) 2 Pituitary MRI 28% (24/86) 3 Serum IGF-1 measurement 60% (52/86) 4 Serum GH measurement 8% (7/86) 5 Chest and Abdominal CT 0% (0/86) M1 Select Answer to see Preferred Response PREFERRED RESPONSE 3 Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK (M1.EC.75) A 38-year-old man presents to the endocrinologist with complaints of increased shoe size and headaches in the morning. These symptoms have developed gradually over the past year but have become especially concerning because he can no longer wear his normal-sized boots. He denies any other symptoms, including visual changes. He was recently started on lisinopril by his primary care physician for high blood pressure. His vital signs are within normal limits and stable. On exam, the endocrinologist notes the findings shown in Figures A and B. These facial features are especially striking when contrasted with his drivers license from 10 years prior, when his jaw was much less prominent. The endocrinologist sends a screening blood test to work-up the likely diagnosis. Which of the following organs or glands produces the molecule being tested in this screening? Review Topic QID: 106818 FIGURES: A B 1 Anterior pituitary gland 50% (69/138) 2 Liver 45% (62/138) 3 Posterior pituitary gland 4% (5/138) 4 Pancreas 0% (0/138) 5 Kidney 1% (1/138) M1 Select Answer to see Preferred Response PREFERRED RESPONSE 2