Snapshot A 23-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician due to pain with urination and increased urinary frequency. She reports that her symptoms began approximately 3 days ago and has not noticed any abnormal smell, vaginal discomfort, or vaginal discharge. The patient is otherwise healthy and states that she has been having sexual intercourse more frequently with her partner. She infrequently uses condoms and is on oral contraception. Her vital signs and physical examination is unremarkable. She is started on oral nitrofurantoin for 5 days. (Acute uncomplicated cystitis) Introduction Clinical definitionurinary tract infections (UTI) can either be asymptomatic or symptomatic and encompasses login to view 18 more bullets Epidemiology login to view 19 more bullets Pathogenesis login to view 12 more bullets Prognosis login to view 3 more bullets Microbiology of Urinary Tract Infections Microbe Findings Comments E. coli Green metallic sheen on EMB agar Most common cause of UTI S. saprophyticus - Second most common cause in sexually active women K. pneumoniae Large mucoid capsule and viscous colonies Third most common cause S. marcescens Red pigment production by select strains - Enterococcus - Typically a nosocomial infection that is drug-resistant P. mirabilis "Swarming" appearance on agar Urease positive Can result in struvite stone formation - P. aeruginosa Blue-green pigment Typically a nosocomial infection that is drug-resistant Presentation Symptoms/physical exam/findings login to view 24 more bullets Studies Labs login to view 13 more bullets Histology login to view 2 more bullets Differential Acute hemorrhagic cystitis login to view 1 more bullet Urethritis Nephrolithiasis Genitourinary malignancy Treatment Medical login to view 14 more bullets Operative login to view 6 more bullets Complications Uncomplicated UTI login to view 1 more bullet Complicated UTI login to view 10 more bullets UTI in pregnancy login to view 6 more bullets UTI in men login to view 4 more bullets