Updated: 6/1/2022

Nephritic Syndrome

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  • Snapshot
    • A 14-year-old boy presents with hematuria, problems with vision, and deafness. Approximately 2 weeks prior to symptom development, he recovered from a viral upper respiratory tract infection. Family history is significant for deafness and early initiation of lisinopril in his father. His temperature is 99°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 140/90 mmHg, pulse is 75/min, and respirations are 18/min. Physical examination is signifcant for anterior lenticonus and sensorineural hearing loss. Urinalysis demonstrates dysmorphic red blood cells and red blood cell casts. (Alport syndrome)
  • Introduction
    • Clinical definition
      • renal disease secondary to an inflammatory process injuring the glomerulus
        • this results in damage involving the
          • basement membrane
          • capillary endothelium
          • mesangium
    • Presentation
      • symptoms
        • hypertension
        • hematuria
        • oliguria
        • headache
      • physical exam
        • edema
          • can be peripheral and/or periorbital
    • Diagnosis
      • studies
        • complete blood cell count
          • anemia may be noted
        • azotemia
        • complement levels
          • C3, C4, and CH50 should be obtained
        • urinalysis
          • dysmorphic red blood cells (RBCs)
            • suggests hematuria is of glomerular origin
          • RBC casts
          • subnephrotic range proteinuria (< 3.5 g/day)
            • if the nephritic syndrome is severe enough it can lead to nephrotic range proteinuria (> 3.5 g/day)
      • renal biopsy
        • may be necessary to arrive to a definitive diagnosis and to determine prognosis
    • Nephritic Syndrome
      Type
      Pathophysiology
      Renal Biopsy
      Diagnostic Studies and Treatment
      Acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis
      • Glomerulonephritis secondary to nephritogenic strains of streptococcus
        • type III hypersensitivity reaction
      • Light microscopy
        • glomerular hypercellularity
          • e.g.,polymorphonuclear leukocytes
      • Immunofluorescence
        • diffuse granular pattern on glomerular capillary walls and mesangium
          • deposition of IgG, IgM, and C3
      • Electron microscopy
        • electron-dense, glomerular subepithelial immune-complex deposits ("humps")
      • Streptococcus titers and serologies are positive
      • ↓ serum C3 levels
      • Typically self-resolves
      Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
      • Goodpasture syndrome
        • type II hypersensitivity
        • anti-GBM antibodies against α3-chain of collagen type IV
          • antibodies to the alveolar basement membrane result in hemoptysis and lung disease
      • Pauci-immune processes
        • granulomatosis with polyangiitis
        • microscopic polyangiitis
      • Light microscopy and immunofluorescence
        • crescent-shaped deposition offibrin, C3b, glomerular parietal cells, monocytes, andmacrophages
      • Granulomatosis with polyangiitis
        • PR3-ANCA/c-ANCA positive
      • Microscopic polyangiitis
        • MPO-ANCA/p-ANCA
      • Corticosteroids and cyclophosphamide
      IgA nephropathy (Berger's disease)
      • IgA immune-complex deposition in glomerular mesangial cells that results in its proliferation
        • patients present with hematuria and upper respiratory tract or gastrointestinal infection
        • Light microscopy
          • mesangial proliferation
        • Immunofluorescence
          • IgA immune-complex deposition in the mesangium
        • ACE inhibitor or ARB for proteinuria and hypertension
        Alport syndrome
        • Collagen type IV mutation that results in an abnormal basement membrane
          • more commonly an X-linked dominant disorder
          • characterized by
            • renal involvement
            • ocular involvement
            • sensorineural hearing loss
        • Electron microscopy
          • glomerular basement membrane lamellation
          • "basket weave" appearance
        • No curative treatment
        Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN)
        • Immune-complex and/or complement protein deposition in the mesangium and subendothelium of the capillaries
          • this results in proliferation of the mesangium and remodeling of the capillary wall
          • may be secondary to
            • hepatitis C virus
            • hepatitis B virus
            • C3 nephritic factor
              • MPGN type II
        • Light microscopy
          • mesangial proliferation and thickening of the capillary wall
        • Immunofluorescence
          • "tram-track" appearance
        • ↓ serum C3 and C4 levels
        • Treat underlying disease in secondary causes
          • e.g., control of hepatitis C virus infection
        Diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis (DPGN)
        • > 50% of glomeruli (thus diffuse) demonstrates an inflammatory process on histology
        • Common in patients with systemic inflammatory diseases (e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus)
          • can be secondary tomembranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
        • Light microscopy
          • capillary"wire-looping"
        • Electron microscopy
          • immune complex depositionaffecting the
            • subendothelial region
            • maybe intramembranous
        • Immunofluorescence
          • granularappearance
        • Can lead to death in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
        • Aggressively treat with steroids
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    (M1.RL.15.4671) A 62-year-old man presents to his primary care doctor complaining of recent-onset hemoptysis. He has not had any fevers, night sweats, or weight loss. He recently traveled to Italy with his wife. He has a 5 pack-year smoking history. On review of systems, he reports that his urine has been “red-tinged” for several months. Urinalysis reveals the findings shown in Figure A. He is referred to a nephrologist and undergoes a renal biopsy. Immunofluorescence staining of the biopsy is shown in Figure B. Which of the following is the most likely underlying pathogenesis of his disease?

    QID: 107162
    FIGURES:

    Type III hypersensitivity reaction

    10%

    (18/176)

    Antibodies to collagen type IV

    66%

    (116/176)

    Presence of C-ANCA

    15%

    (27/176)

    Mycobacterial infection

    1%

    (2/176)

    Metastatic malignancy

    4%

    (7/176)

    M 1 E

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    (M1.RL.13.67) A 21-year-old male presents to your office with hematuria 3 days after the onset of a productive cough and fever. Following renal biopsy, immunofluorescence shows granular IgA deposits in the glomerular mesangium. Which of the following do you suspect in this patient?

    QID: 101021

    Lipoid nephrosis

    2%

    (2/95)

    Berger’s disease

    77%

    (73/95)

    Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis

    16%

    (15/95)

    Systemic lupus erythematosus

    3%

    (3/95)

    HIV infection

    1%

    (1/95)

    M 2 D

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    (M1.RL.13.32) A 9-year-old Caucasian girl presents to your office with hematuria. An electron micrograph of her renal biopsy is shown below in Figure A. Which of the following is the most likely composition of the structures marked by the white arrows?

    QID: 100986
    FIGURES:

    Albumin

    2%

    (4/173)

    Non-enzymatic glycosylation

    1%

    (2/173)

    IgA

    13%

    (23/173)

    IgG

    11%

    (19/173)

    IgG, IgM, C3

    71%

    (122/173)

    M 1 E

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    (M1.RL.13.73) A 25-year-old male visits his primary care physician with complaints of hemoptysis and dysuria. Serum blood urea nitrogen and creatinine are elevated, blood pressure is 160/100 mm Hg, and urinalysis shows hematuria and RBC casts. A 24-hour urine excretion yields 1 gm/day protein. A kidney biopsy is obtained, and immunofluorescence shows linear IgG staining in the glomeruli. Which of the following antibodies is likely pathogenic for this patient’s disease?

    QID: 101027

    Anti-DNA antibody

    1%

    (1/111)

    Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (C-ANCA)

    10%

    (11/111)

    Anti-neutrophil perinuclear antibody (P-ANCA)

    4%

    (4/111)

    Anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody (Anti-GBM)

    82%

    (91/111)

    Anti-phospholipid antibody

    2%

    (2/111)

    M 1 E

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    (M1.RL.13.35) A 6-year-old boy presents to your office with hematuria. Two weeks ago the patient had symptoms of a sore throat and fever. Although physical exam is unremarkable, laboratory results show a decreased serum C3 level and an elevated anti-DNAse B titer. Which of the following would you most expect to see on renal biopsy?

    QID: 100989

    Large, hypercellular glomeruli on light microscopy

    58%

    (65/112)

    Polyclonal IgA deposition on immunofluorescence

    9%

    (10/112)

    Immune complex deposits with a "spike and dome" appearance on electron microscopy

    22%

    (25/112)

    Wirelooping and hyaline thrombi on light microscopy

    3%

    (3/112)

    Antibodies to GBM resulting in a linear immunofluorescence pattern

    4%

    (5/112)

    M 1 E

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    (M1.RL.13.85) Three weeks after recovering from pharyngitis, a nine-year-old girl presents with periorbital edema and dark brown urine. An image of the kidney biopsy is shown in Figure A. What is responsible for these changes?

    QID: 101039
    FIGURES:

    Glomerular basement membrane lamellation

    2%

    (2/81)

    IgA deposition and subsequent mesangial proliferation

    9%

    (7/81)

    Neutrophil infiltration in response to immune complex deposition along the glomerulus basement membrane and mesangium

    74%

    (60/81)

    Loss of negative charge on the glomerular basement membrane

    4%

    (3/81)

    Widespread intermembraneous deposits due to an autoantibody against C3 convertase

    9%

    (7/81)

    M 1 E

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    (M1.RL.13.11) Multiple patients present to your office with hematuria following an outbreak of Group A Streptococcus. Biopsy reveals that all of the patients have the same disease, characterized by large, hypercellular glomeruli with neutrophil infiltration. Which patient has the best prognosis?

    QID: 100965

    65-year-old nulliparous woman

    1%

    (2/180)

    50-year-old man with a history of strep infection

    7%

    (13/180)

    8-year-old boy who undergoes no treatment

    69%

    (125/180)

    38-year-old man with sickle cell trait

    3%

    (6/180)

    18-year-old man treated with corticosteroids

    16%

    (28/180)

    M 4 E

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