Standard Deviation vs. Standard Error n = sample size Sigma (σ) = standard deviation SEM = standard error of the mean SEM = σ/√n SEM < σ SEM decreases as n increases z-scores 1 = +/- 1 σ around mean 2 = +/- 2 σ around mean 3 = +/- 3 σ around mean Confidence Interval (CI) Describes the range in which the mean would be expected to fall if the study were performed again and again = range from [mean - Z(SEM)] to [mean + Z(SEM)] 95% CI (alpha = 0.05) is standard for 95% CI, Z = 1.96 Outcomes if 0 falls within the CI when calculating the difference between 2 variables, H0 is not rejected and the result is not significant if 1 falls within the CI when calculating OR or RR, H0 is not rejected and the result is not significant Significance statistical significance refers to whether p < 0.05 clinical significance requires that a statistically significant result be also clinically meaningful T-test vs. ANOVA vs. χ2 T-test compares the means of 2 groups on a continuous variable ANOVA (analysis of variance) compares the means of 3 or more groups on a continuous variable χ2 ("chi-squared") tests whether 2 nominal variables are associated used with 2x2 tables e.g., effect of treatment on disease Correlation Coefficient (r) Pearson coefficient, r, is always between -1 and +1 Absolute value indicates strength of correlation between 2 variables Coefficient of determination = r2 Attributable Risk (AR) AR is incidence in the exposed (Ie) - incidence in the unexposed (Iu) = Ie - Iu Ie = a/(a+b) Iu = c/(c+d) AR = a/(a+b) - c/(c+d) The AR percent (ARP) is the attributable risk divided by incidence in the exposed (Ie) ARP = 100* (Ie-Iu)/Ie = 100*[a/(a+b) - c/(c+d)]/[a/(a+b)] note that relative risk (RR) = Ie/Iu = a/(a+b) DIVIDED BY c/(c+d) using math tricks ARP = (RR-1)/RR
QUESTIONS 1 of 11 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Previous Next Lab Values Blood Hematologic Cerebrospinal Sweat, Urine, and BMI Blood, Plasma, Serum Reference Range ALT 8-20 U/L Amylase, serum 25-125 U/L AST 8-20 U/L Bilirubin, serum (adult) Total // Direct 0.1-1.0 mg/dL // 0.0-0.3 mg/dL Calcium, serum (Ca2+) 8.4-10.2 mg/dL Cholesterol, serum Rec: < 200 mg/dL Cortisol, serum 0800 h: 5-23 μg/dL //1600 h: 3-15 μg/dL 2000 h: ≤ 50% of 0800 h Creatine kinase, serum Male: 25-90 U/LFemale: 10-70 U/L Creatinine, serum 0.6-1.2 mg/dL Electrolytes, serum Sodium (Na+) 136-145 mEq/L Chloride (Cl-) 95-105 mEq/L Potassium (K+) 3.5-5.0 mEq/L Bicarbonate (HCO3-) 22-28 mEq/L Magnesium (Mg2+) 1.5-2.0 mEq/L Estriol, total, serum (in pregnancy) 24-28 wks // 32-36 wks 30-170 ng/mL // 60-280 ng/mL 28-32 wk // 36-40 wks 40-220 ng/mL // 80-350 ng/mL Ferritin, serum Male: 15-200 ng/mLFemale: 12-150 ng/mL Follicle-stimulating hormone, serum/plasma Male: 4-25 mIU/mL Female: premenopause: 4-30 mIU/mL midcycle peak: 10-90 mIU/mL postmenopause: 40-250 pH 7.35-7.45 PCO2 33-45 mmHg PO2 75-105 mmHg Glucose, serum Fasting: 70-110 mg/dL2-h postprandial:<120 mg/dL Growth hormone - arginine stimulation Fasting: <5 ng/mLProvocative stimuli: > 7ng/mL Immunoglobulins, serum IgA 76-390 mg/dL IgE 0-380 IU/mL IgG 650-1500 mg/dL IgM 40-345 mg/dL Iron 50-170 μg/dL Lactate dehydrogenase, serum 45-90 U/L Luteinizing hormone, serum/plasma Male: 6-23 mIU/mL Female: follicular phase: 5-30 mIU/mL midcycle: 75-150 mIU/mL postmenopause 30-200 mIU/mL Osmolality, serum 275-295 mOsmol/kd H2O Parathyroid hormone, serume, N-terminal 230-630 pg/mL Phosphatase (alkaline), serum (p-NPP at 30° C) 20-70 U/L Phosphorus (inorganic), serum 3.0-4.5 mg/dL Prolactin, serum (hPRL) < 20 ng/mL Proteins, serum Total (recumbent) 6.0-7.8 g/dL Albumin 3.5-5.5 g/dL Globulin 2.3-3.5 g/dL Thyroid-stimulating hormone, serum or plasma .5-5.0 μU/mL Thyroidal iodine (123I) uptake 8%-30% of administered dose/24h Thyroxine (T4), serum 5-12 μg/dL Triglycerides, serum 35-160 mg/dL Triiodothyronine (T3), serum (RIA) 115-190 ng/dL Triiodothyronine (T3) resin uptake 25%-35% Urea nitrogen, serum 7-18 mg/dL Uric acid, serum 3.0-8.2 mg/dL Hematologic Reference Range Bleeding time 2-7 minutes Erythrocyte count Male: 4.3-5.9 million/mm3Female: 3.5-5.5 million mm3 Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (Westergren) Male: 0-15 mm/hFemale: 0-20 mm/h Hematocrit Male: 41%-53%Female: 36%-46% Hemoglobin A1c ≤ 6 % Hemoglobin, blood Male: 13.5-17.5 g/dLFemale: 12.0-16.0 g/dL Hemoglobin, plasma 1-4 mg/dL Leukocyte count and differential Leukocyte count 4,500-11,000/mm3 Segmented neutrophils 54%-62% Bands 3%-5% Eosinophils 1%-3% Basophils 0%-0.75% Lymphocytes 25%-33% Monocytes 3%-7% Mean corpuscular hemoglobin 25.4-34.6 pg/cell Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration 31%-36% Hb/cell Mean corpuscular volume 80-100 μm3 Partial thromboplastin time (activated) 25-40 seconds Platelet count 150,000-400,000/mm3 Prothrombin time 11-15 seconds Reticulocyte count 0.5%-1.5% of red cells Thrombin time < 2 seconds deviation from control Volume Plasma Male: 25-43 mL/kgFemale: 28-45 mL/kg Red cell Male: 20-36 mL/kgFemale: 19-31 mL/kg Cerebrospinal Fluid Reference Range Cell count 0-5/mm3 Chloride 118-132 mEq/L Gamma globulin 3%-12% total proteins Glucose 40-70 mg/dL Pressure 70-180 mm H2O Proteins, total < 40 mg/dL Sweat Reference Range Chloride 0-35 mmol/L Urine Calcium 100-300 mg/24 h Chloride Varies with intake Creatinine clearance Male: 97-137 mL/minFemale: 88-128 mL/min Estriol, total (in pregnancy) 30 wks 6-18 mg/24 h 35 wks 9-28 mg/24 h 40 wks 13-42 mg/24 h 17-Hydroxycorticosteroids Male: 3.0-10.0 mg/24 hFemale: 2.0-8.0 mg/24 h 17-Ketosteroids, total Male: 8-20 mg/24 hFemale: 6-15 mg/24 h Osmolality 50-1400 mOsmol/kg H2O Oxalate 8-40 μg/mL Potassium Varies with diet Proteins, total < 150 mg/24 h Sodium Varies with diet Uric acid Varies with diet Body Mass Index (BMI) Adult: 19-25 kg/m2 Calculator ( ) xy AC 7 8 9 ÷ 4 5 6 × 1 2 3 - 0 . = + Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK (M1.ST.71) A study comparing the efficacy of four different weight loss diets is conducted. The primary outcome is change in weight (in kilograms) after two years. Prior to the study, there was insufficient evidence to conclude that any of the diets were effective. Figure A reports the mean weight change and the 95% confidence intervals (CI) for each of the four diets. Which of the following diets would have a p value < 0.05? Review Topic QID: 103888 FIGURES: A 1 Atkins diet 27% (10/37) 2 Low fat diet 24% (9/37) 3 Low carbohydrate diet 8% (3/37) 4 Zone diet 3% (1/37) 5 Both the Atkins and the low fat diets 27% (10/37) M1 Select Answer to see Preferred Response PREFERRED RESPONSE 5 (M1.ST.62) A prospective cohort study was conducted to assess the relationship between LDL and the incidence of heart disease. The patients were selected at random. Results showed a 10-year relative risk (RR) of 3.0 for people with elevated LDL levels compared to individuals with normal LDL levels. The p-value was 0.04 with a 95% confidence interval of 2.0-4.0. According to the study results, what percent of heart disease in these patients can be attributed to elevated LDL? Review Topic QID: 106444 1 25% 5% (8/151) 2 33% 21% (31/151) 3 50% 11% (17/151) 4 67% 49% (74/151) 5 100% 9% (14/151) M1 Select Answer to see Preferred Response PREFERRED RESPONSE 4 (M1.ST.62) A prospective cohort study was conducted to assess the relationship between LDL-C and the incidence of heart disease. The patients were selected at random. Results showed a 10-year relative risk (RR) of 2.30 for people with elevated LDL-C levels compared to individuals with normal LDL levels. The p value was 0.04. This study is most likely to have which of the following 95% confidence intervals? Review Topic QID: 106440 1 1.01-3.70 49% (19/39) 2 1.00-3.60 10% (4/39) 3 0.09-3.50 15% (6/39) 4 0.08-3.40 13% (5/39) 5 0.07-3.30 3% (1/39) M1 Select Answer to see Preferred Response PREFERRED RESPONSE 1 Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK (M1.ST.76) You are conducting a systematic review on the effect of a new sulfonylurea for the treatment of type II diabetes. For your systematic review you would like to include 95% confidence intervals for the mean of blood glucose levels in the treatment groups. What further information is necessary to abstract from each of the original papers in order to calculate a 95% confidence interval for each study? Review Topic QID: 103893 1 Power, standard deviation, mean 12% (7/57) 2 Power, mean, sample size 2% (1/57) 3 Power, standard deviation, sample size 16% (9/57) 4 Standard deviation, mean, sample size 47% (27/57) 5 Standard deviation, mean, sample size, power 16% (9/57) M1 Select Answer to see Preferred Response PREFERRED RESPONSE 4 (M1.ST.70) Confident of your performance on Step 1 given your extensive utilization of Medbullets, you preemptively start to ponder your future specialty choice. You come across an analysis of lifestyle factors and how they affect medical student specialty choices. Image A depicts two scatter plots comparing the relationship between median income and weekly work hours on the difficulty of matching into specific specialties. Both associations are statistically significant. Which statement best describes the results? Review Topic QID: 103887 FIGURES: A 1 The harder the specialty is to match into, the higher the weekly work hours 0% (0/13) 2 The easier the specialty is to match into, the higher the median income 0% (0/13) 3 Weekly work hours has a stronger correlation with matching difficulty than median income 8% (1/13) 4 Median income has a stronger correlation with matching difficulty than weekly work hours 85% (11/13) 5 The higher the median income of a specialty the shorter the weekly work hours 8% (1/13) M1 Select Answer to see Preferred Response PREFERRED RESPONSE 4 (M1.ST.78) An investigator is measuring the blood calcium level in a sample of female cross country runners and a control group of sedentary females. If she would like to compare the means of the two groups, which statistical test should she use? Review Topic QID: 103895 1 t-test 100% (14/14) 2 ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) 0% (0/14) 3 Linear regression 0% (0/14) 4 Chi-square test 0% (0/14) 5 F-test 0% (0/14) M1 Select Answer to see Preferred Response PREFERRED RESPONSE 1 (M1.ST.74) A cross-sectional study is conducted investigating the effects of low salt diet on blood pressure. Five hundred patients identified as having a low salt diet and 500 patients identified as having a normal (control) diet were enrolled. All participants have their systolic blood pressure measured and the results are presented in Figure A. If the distribution of systolic blood pressure in each group is normal, what is the most appropriate test to determine whether patients on low salt diet have different systolic blood pressure than those on control diet? Review Topic QID: 103891 FIGURES: A 1 Analysis of variance (ANOVA) 0% (0/21) 2 One-sample t-test 10% (2/21) 3 Two-sample t-test 67% (14/21) 4 Paired t-test 19% (4/21) 5 Chi Square test 5% (1/21) M1 Select Answer to see Preferred Response PREFERRED RESPONSE 3