Standard Deviation vs. Standard Error n = sample size Sigma (σ) = standard deviation SEM = standard error of the mean SEM = σ/√n SEM < σ SEM decreases as n increases z-scores 1 = +/- 1 σ around mean 2 = +/- 2 σ around mean 3 = +/- 3 σ around mean Confidence Interval (CI) Describes the range in which the mean would be expected to fall if the study were performed again and again = range from [mean - Z(SEM)] to [mean + Z(SEM)] 95% CI (alpha = 0.05) is standard for 95% CI, Z = 1.96 Outcomes if 0 falls within the CI when calculating the difference between 2 variables, H0 is not rejected and the result is not significant if 1 falls within the CI when calculating OR or RR, H0 is not rejected and the result is not significant Significance statistical significance refers to whether p < 0.05 clinical significance requires that a statistically significant result be also clinically meaningful T-test vs. ANOVA vs. χ2 T-test compares the means of 2 groups on a continuous variable ANOVA (analysis of variance) compares the means of 3 or more groups on a continuous variable χ2 ("chi-squared") tests whether 2 nominal variables are associated used with 2x2 tables e.g., effect of treatment on disease Correlation Coefficient (r) Pearson coefficient, r, is always between -1 and +1 Absolute value indicates strength of correlation between 2 variables Coefficient of determination = r2 Attributable Risk (AR) AR is incidence in the exposed (Ie) - incidence in the unexposed (Iu) = Ie - Iu Ie = a/(a+b) Iu = c/(c+d) AR = a/(a+b) - c/(c+d) The AR percent (ARP) is the attributable risk divided by incidence in the exposed (Ie) ARP = 100* (Ie-Iu)/Ie = 100*[a/(a+b) - c/(c+d)]/[a/(a+b)] note that relative risk (RR) = Ie/Iu = a/(a+b) DIVIDED BY c/(c+d) using math tricks ARP = (RR-1)/RR Regression Analysis Regression analysis allows for the an outcome variable to be estimated from various predictor variables while adjusting for covariates Linear regression Outcome variable is continuous Predictor variables can be continuous or categorical Logistic regression Outcome variable is binary Predictor variables can be continuous or categorical Exponentiation of the coefficients yields the odds ratio for that predictor
QUESTIONS 1 of 14 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Previous Next Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK (M1.ST.14.71) A study comparing the efficacy of four different weight loss diets is conducted. The primary outcome is change in weight (in kilograms) after two years. Prior to the study, there was insufficient evidence to conclude that any of the diets were effective. Figure A reports the mean weight change and the 95% confidence intervals (CI) for each of the four diets. Which of the following diets would have a p value < 0.05? QID: 103888 FIGURES: A Type & Select Correct Answer 1 Atkins diet 24% (17/70) 2 Low fat diet 20% (14/70) 3 Low carbohydrate diet 6% (4/70) 4 Zone diet 4% (3/70) 5 Both the Atkins and the low fat diets 33% (23/70) M 1 Question Complexity D Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 5 Review Tested Concept Review Full Topic (M1.ST.14.62) A prospective cohort study was conducted to assess the relationship between LDL and the incidence of heart disease. The patients were selected at random. Results showed a 10-year relative risk (RR) of 3.0 for people with elevated LDL levels compared to individuals with normal LDL levels. The p-value was 0.04 with a 95% confidence interval of 2.0-4.0. According to the study results, what percent of heart disease in these patients can be attributed to elevated LDL? QID: 106444 Type & Select Correct Answer 1 25% 4% (9/204) 2 33% 20% (40/204) 3 50% 11% (22/204) 4 67% 49% (100/204) 5 100% 10% (21/204) M 1 Question Complexity E Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 4 Review Tested Concept Review Full Topic (M1.ST.14.62) A prospective cohort study was conducted to assess the relationship between LDL-C and the incidence of heart disease. The patients were selected at random. Results showed a 10-year relative risk (RR) of 2.30 for people with elevated LDL-C levels compared to individuals with normal LDL levels. The p value was 0.04. This study is most likely to have which of the following 95% confidence intervals? QID: 106440 Type & Select Correct Answer 1 1.01-3.70 44% (38/87) 2 1.00-3.60 21% (18/87) 3 0.09-3.50 11% (10/87) 4 0.08-3.40 9% (8/87) 5 0.07-3.30 5% (4/87) M 1 Question Complexity D Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 1 Review Tested Concept Review Full Topic Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK (M1.ST.14.76) You are conducting a systematic review on the effect of a new sulfonylurea for the treatment of type II diabetes. For your systematic review you would like to include 95% confidence intervals for the mean of blood glucose levels in the treatment groups. What further information is necessary to abstract from each of the original papers in order to calculate a 95% confidence interval for each study? QID: 103893 Type & Select Correct Answer 1 Power, standard deviation, mean 9% (7/81) 2 Power, mean, sample size 1% (1/81) 3 Power, standard deviation, sample size 15% (12/81) 4 Standard deviation, mean, sample size 53% (43/81) 5 Standard deviation, mean, sample size, power 15% (12/81) M 1 Question Complexity E Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 4 Review Tested Concept Review Full Topic (M1.ST.13.70) Confident of your performance on Step 1 given your extensive utilization of Medbullets, you preemptively start to ponder your future specialty choice. You come across an analysis of lifestyle factors and how they affect medical student specialty choices. Image A depicts two scatter plots comparing the relationship between median income and weekly work hours on the difficulty of matching into specific specialties. Both associations are statistically significant. Which statement best describes the results? QID: 103887 FIGURES: A Type & Select Correct Answer 1 The harder the specialty is to match into, the higher the weekly work hours 0% (0/53) 2 The easier the specialty is to match into, the higher the median income 0% (0/53) 3 Weekly work hours has a stronger correlation with matching difficulty than median income 6% (3/53) 4 Median income has a stronger correlation with matching difficulty than weekly work hours 85% (45/53) 5 The higher the median income of a specialty the shorter the weekly work hours 6% (3/53) M 1 Question Complexity E Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 4 Review Tested Concept Review Full Topic (M1.ST.13.78) An investigator is measuring the blood calcium level in a sample of female cross country runners and a control group of sedentary females. If she would like to compare the means of the two groups, which statistical test should she use? QID: 103895 Type & Select Correct Answer 1 t-test 84% (31/37) 2 ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) 5% (2/37) 3 Linear regression 0% (0/37) 4 Chi-square test 5% (2/37) 5 F-test 0% (0/37) M 1 Question Complexity E Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 1 Review Tested Concept Review Full Topic (M1.ST.13.74) A cross-sectional study is conducted investigating the effects of low salt diet on blood pressure. Five hundred patients identified as having a low salt diet and 500 patients identified as having a normal (control) diet were enrolled. All participants have their systolic blood pressure measured and the results are presented in Figure A. If the distribution of systolic blood pressure in each group is normal, what is the most appropriate test to determine whether patients on low salt diet have different systolic blood pressure than those on control diet? QID: 103891 FIGURES: A Type & Select Correct Answer 1 Analysis of variance (ANOVA) 8% (3/40) 2 One-sample t-test 10% (4/40) 3 Two-sample t-test 52% (21/40) 4 Paired t-test 12% (5/40) 5 Chi Square test 12% (5/40) M 1 Question Complexity E Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 3 Review Tested Concept Review Full Topic Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK
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