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Analysis of variance (ANOVA)
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Chi square test
Linear regression
Pearson coefficient
T-test
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The researchers are attempting to determine whether an association exists between 2 categorical variables: sex and cohort assignment. The most appropriate statistical test for evaluating the association between 2 categorical variables is the chi square test. The chi square test is used to determine whether there is an association between categorical variables; the null hypothesis states that there is no association between categorical variable 1 (e.g., sex) and categorical variable 2 (e.g., cohort membership). It can be used to test whether differences in distribution of a categorical variable (e.g., race, sex) exist across 2 or more independent cohorts. The chi square test is often performed on count or frequency data. This data is often visualized using a contingency table, in which the x- and y-axes correspond to the categorical variables and each row/column denotes the level of the variable. Incorrect Answers: Answer 1: Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used to compare the means of 3 or more independent groups. ANOVA is used when the response variable is continuous. For example, ANOVA would be used to evaluate whether age differs between the 3 cohorts. Answer 3: Linear regression is used to measure the association between 1 or more independent variables and a single, continuous response variable. For example, linear regression would be used to evaluate whether age is associated with body mass index. Answer 4: Pearson coefficient is used to measure the association between 2 continuous, linearly-related variables. Cohort membership and sex are neither continuous nor linearly-related variables. For example, the Pearson coefficient would be used to evaluate whether an association exists between height and weight. Answer 5: T-test is used to compare the means of 2 independent groups. It is used when the response variable is continuous. For example, a t-test would be used to evaluate whether age differs between the cohorts if this study had only 2, as opposed to 3, cohorts. Bullet Summary: The chi square test is used to measure whether differences in distribution of a categorical variable exist across 2 or more independent cohorts.
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