Overview High altitude → ↓ atmospheric pressure (Patm) and ↓ alveolar PO2 Ventilation ↓ alveolar PO2 → ↑ respiratory rate (hyperventilation) ↓ alveolar PO2 stimulates peripheral chemoreceptors in aortic bodies and carotid bodies to instruct medullary inspiration center to increase respiratory rate Arterial blood ↑ ventilation rate → ↑ PaO2 and ↓ PaCO2 → respiratory alkalosis CO2 + H2O → H2CO3 → H+ + HCO3- ↓ CO2 shifts equilibrium left ↓ H+→ ↑ pH respiratory alkalosis → ↑ renal HCO3- excretion carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (e.g., acetazolamide) → ↑ renal HCO3- excretion and create a metabolic acidosis, which can be used to "acclimate" someone going to a higher altitude because they will naturally increase ventilation to compensate for metabolic acidosis Pulmonary blood flow ↓ alveolar PO2 → hypoxic vasoconstriction of pulmonary vasculature → ↑ pulmonary vasculature resistance → ↑ pulmonary arterial pressure pulmonary arterial pressure increases to maintain a constant blood flow right ventricle pumps against ↑ pulmonary arterial pressure (↑ afterload) chronic hypoxic vasoconstriction of pulmonary vasculature causes cor pulmunale (right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH)) Cerebral blood flow primarily controlled by PCO2 ↓ PCO2 → vasoconstriction therapeutic hyperventilation (↓ PCO2) → ↓ intracranial pressure by decreasing cerebral perfusion used in cases of cerebral edema effect is usually only temporary PO2 can have effects during severe hypoxic events ↓ PO2 → vasodilation and ↑ cerebral perfusion pressure Cellular changes chronic hypoxia → ↑ erythropoietin → ↑ hemoglobin concentration and ↑ hematocrit synthesis of erythropoietin in kidneys erythropoietin acts on bone marrow to stimulate RBC synthesis ↑ hemoglobin concentration → ↑ O2 carrying capacity and ↑ total O2 content ↑ mitochondria Oxygen-hemoglobin dissocation curve ↑ 2,3-BPG → shifts to right ↓ hemoglobin affinity for O2 → ↑ O2 unloading
QUESTIONS 1 of 2 1 2 Previous Next Lab Values Blood Hematologic Cerebrospinal Sweat, Urine, and BMI Blood, Plasma, Serum Reference Range ALT 8-20 U/L Amylase, serum 25-125 U/L AST 8-20 U/L Bilirubin, serum (adult) Total // Direct 0.1-1.0 mg/dL // 0.0-0.3 mg/dL Calcium, serum (Ca2+) 8.4-10.2 mg/dL Cholesterol, serum Rec: < 200 mg/dL Cortisol, serum 0800 h: 5-23 μg/dL //1600 h: 3-15 μg/dL 2000 h: ≤ 50% of 0800 h Creatine kinase, serum Male: 25-90 U/LFemale: 10-70 U/L Creatinine, serum 0.6-1.2 mg/dL Electrolytes, serum Sodium (Na+) 136-145 mEq/L Chloride (Cl-) 95-105 mEq/L Potassium (K+) 3.5-5.0 mEq/L Bicarbonate (HCO3-) 22-28 mEq/L Magnesium (Mg2+) 1.5-2.0 mEq/L Estriol, total, serum (in pregnancy) 24-28 wks // 32-36 wks 30-170 ng/mL // 60-280 ng/mL 28-32 wk // 36-40 wks 40-220 ng/mL // 80-350 ng/mL Ferritin, serum Male: 15-200 ng/mLFemale: 12-150 ng/mL Follicle-stimulating hormone, serum/plasma Male: 4-25 mIU/mL Female: premenopause: 4-30 mIU/mL midcycle peak: 10-90 mIU/mL postmenopause: 40-250 pH 7.35-7.45 PCO2 33-45 mmHg PO2 75-105 mmHg Glucose, serum Fasting: 70-110 mg/dL2-h postprandial:<120 mg/dL Growth hormone - arginine stimulation Fasting: <5 ng/mLProvocative stimuli: > 7ng/mL Immunoglobulins, serum IgA 76-390 mg/dL IgE 0-380 IU/mL IgG 650-1500 mg/dL IgM 40-345 mg/dL Iron 50-170 μg/dL Lactate dehydrogenase, serum 45-90 U/L Luteinizing hormone, serum/plasma Male: 6-23 mIU/mL Female: follicular phase: 5-30 mIU/mL midcycle: 75-150 mIU/mL postmenopause 30-200 mIU/mL Osmolality, serum 275-295 mOsmol/kd H2O Parathyroid hormone, serume, N-terminal 230-630 pg/mL Phosphatase (alkaline), serum (p-NPP at 30° C) 20-70 U/L Phosphorus (inorganic), serum 3.0-4.5 mg/dL Prolactin, serum (hPRL) < 20 ng/mL Proteins, serum Total (recumbent) 6.0-7.8 g/dL Albumin 3.5-5.5 g/dL Globulin 2.3-3.5 g/dL Thyroid-stimulating hormone, serum or plasma .5-5.0 μU/mL Thyroidal iodine (123I) uptake 8%-30% of administered dose/24h Thyroxine (T4), serum 5-12 μg/dL Triglycerides, serum 35-160 mg/dL Triiodothyronine (T3), serum (RIA) 115-190 ng/dL Triiodothyronine (T3) resin uptake 25%-35% Urea nitrogen, serum 7-18 mg/dL Uric acid, serum 3.0-8.2 mg/dL Hematologic Reference Range Bleeding time 2-7 minutes Erythrocyte count Male: 4.3-5.9 million/mm3Female: 3.5-5.5 million mm3 Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (Westergren) Male: 0-15 mm/hFemale: 0-20 mm/h Hematocrit Male: 41%-53%Female: 36%-46% Hemoglobin A1c ≤ 6 % Hemoglobin, blood Male: 13.5-17.5 g/dLFemale: 12.0-16.0 g/dL Hemoglobin, plasma 1-4 mg/dL Leukocyte count and differential Leukocyte count 4,500-11,000/mm3 Segmented neutrophils 54%-62% Bands 3%-5% Eosinophils 1%-3% Basophils 0%-0.75% Lymphocytes 25%-33% Monocytes 3%-7% Mean corpuscular hemoglobin 25.4-34.6 pg/cell Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration 31%-36% Hb/cell Mean corpuscular volume 80-100 μm3 Partial thromboplastin time (activated) 25-40 seconds Platelet count 150,000-400,000/mm3 Prothrombin time 11-15 seconds Reticulocyte count 0.5%-1.5% of red cells Thrombin time < 2 seconds deviation from control Volume Plasma Male: 25-43 mL/kgFemale: 28-45 mL/kg Red cell Male: 20-36 mL/kgFemale: 19-31 mL/kg Cerebrospinal Fluid Reference Range Cell count 0-5/mm3 Chloride 118-132 mEq/L Gamma globulin 3%-12% total proteins Glucose 40-70 mg/dL Pressure 70-180 mm H2O Proteins, total < 40 mg/dL Sweat Reference Range Chloride 0-35 mmol/L Urine Calcium 100-300 mg/24 h Chloride Varies with intake Creatinine clearance Male: 97-137 mL/minFemale: 88-128 mL/min Estriol, total (in pregnancy) 30 wks 6-18 mg/24 h 35 wks 9-28 mg/24 h 40 wks 13-42 mg/24 h 17-Hydroxycorticosteroids Male: 3.0-10.0 mg/24 hFemale: 2.0-8.0 mg/24 h 17-Ketosteroids, total Male: 8-20 mg/24 hFemale: 6-15 mg/24 h Osmolality 50-1400 mOsmol/kg H2O Oxalate 8-40 μg/mL Potassium Varies with diet Proteins, total < 150 mg/24 h Sodium Varies with diet Uric acid Varies with diet Body Mass Index (BMI) Adult: 19-25 kg/m2 Calculator ( ) xy AC 7 8 9 ÷ 4 5 6 × 1 2 3 - 0 . = + (M1.PL.4695) A healthy 20-year-old male college student attempts to climb Mount Everest and travels to the Tibetan plateau by plane. Upon landing, he feels increasingly dizzy and fatigued. He notices that he is breathing faster than usual. What is the initial stimulus for the most likely acid-base disorder? Review Topic QID: 107937 1 Hypoxic pulmonary vasodilation 8% (10/122) 2 Decreased partial pressure of alveolar oxygen 57% (70/122) 3 Increasing arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide 25% (30/122) 4 Worsened diffusion limitation of oxygen 6% (7/122) 5 Undiagnosed atrial septal defect 1% (1/122) M1 Select Answer to see Preferred Response PREFERRED RESPONSE 2 (M1.PL.117) A 31-year-old female with a history of anxiety has a panic attack marked by dizziness, weakness, and blurred vision. Which of the following most likely accounts for the patient’s symptoms? Review Topic QID: 100920 1 Oxygen toxicity 20% (3/15) 2 Increased arterial CO2 33% (5/15) 3 Decreased cerebral blood flow 47% (7/15) 4 Decreased respiratory rate 0% (0/15) 5 Carotid artery obstruction 0% (0/15) M1 Select Answer to see Preferred Response PREFERRED RESPONSE 3