Please confirm topic selection

Are you sure you want to trigger topic in your Anconeus AI algorithm?

Please confirm action

You are done for today with this topic.

Would you like to start learning session with this topic items scheduled for future?

Updated: Mar 7 2019

Bartter Syndrome

  • Snapshot
    • A 3-year-old boy is brought to the pediatrician due poor growth and increased urinary frequency. According to the mother, the child appears to be very thirsty. He was born prematurely and the mother states she was found to have polyhydramnios on ultrasonograpahy while pregnant. Laboratory testing is significant for hypokalemia, hypochloremia, mild hypomagnesemia, and metabolic alkalosis.
  • Introduction
    • Clinical definition
      • a renal tubular disorder characterized by
        • hypokalemia
        • hypochloremia
        • metabolic alkalosis
        • normotension
        • elevated plasma renin level
    • Epidemiology
      • incidence
        • rare
        • precise incidence is unknown
      • demographics
        • neonatal cases
          • can be suspected before birth and diagnosed soon after birth
        • classic cases
          • begins around 2 years of age or younger
        • no race or sex predilection
      • risk factors
        • family history
    • Pathophysiology
      • pathobiology
        • mutation involving the Na+/K+/Cl- cotransporter (NKCC2) results in salt and water loss resulting in
          • activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system secondary to volume depletion
          • renal vasoconstriction due to angiotensin II and hypokalemia leads to an increase in prostaglandin E (PGE)
    • Genetics
      • inheritance pattern
        • autosomal recessive
    • Prognosis
      • can slowly progress to interstitial fibrosis resulting in chronic renal failure
  • Presentation
    • Symptoms
      • failure to thrive
      • increased thirst
      • polyuria
      • polydipsia
      • vomiting
    • Physical exam
      • clinical volume depletion
      • maternal polyhydramnios
      • growth retardation
  • Studies
    • Labs
      • ↑ plasma renin and aldosterone
      • ↓ serum potassium and chloride
      • ↑ urine prostaglandin E
      • genetic testing
  • Differential
    • Diuretic abuse
    • Gitleman syndrome
    • Surreptitious vomiting
    • Mineralocorticoid excess
    • Cystic fibrosis
      • Renal Tubular Defects
      • Category
      • Fanconi Syndrome
      • Bartter Syndrome
      • Gitelman Syndrome
      • Liddle Syndrome
      • Defect localization
      • Proximal tubule
      • Thick ascending loop of Henle
      • Distal convoluted tubule
      • Collecting tubule
      • Etiology
      • Wilson disease
      • Tyrosinemia
      • Cystinosis
      • Multiple myeloma
      • Galactosemia
      • Mitochondrial myopathies
      • Medications
        • aminoglycosides
        • cisplatin
        • ifosfamide
        • valproic acid
      • Heavy metals
        • mercury 
        • lead
      • Autosomal recessive mutation involving the NKCC2 cotransporter
      • Autosomal recessive mutation involving the Na+Cl- cotransporter
      • Autosomal dominant mutation leading to increased activity of epithelial sodium channel (ENaC)
      • Findings
      • Hypophosphatemia
      • Aminoaciduria
      • Renal glucosuria
      • Tubular proteinuria
      • Proximal renal tubular acidosis
      • Hypokalemia
      • Hypochloremia
      • Metabolic alkalosis
      • Normotension
      • Elevated plasma renin level
      • Hypokalemia
      • Hypochloremia
      • Metabolic alkalosis
      • Hypomagnesemia
      • Hypocalciuria
      • Normotension
      • Hypertension
      • Hypokalemia
      • Metabolic alkalosis
  • Treatment
    • Medical
      • nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
        • indication
          • for patients with Bartter syndrome
        • drugs
          • indomethicin
          • celecoxib
      • potassium-sparring diuretics
        • indication
          • to treat hypokalemia and metabolic alkalosis in Bartter syndrome
        • drugs
          • spironolactone
          • eplerenone
          • amiloride
      • potassium and magnesium supplementation
        • indication
          • to help improve potassium and magnesium levels in Bartter syndrome
  • Complications
    • Cardiac arrhythmia due to severe hypokalemia
Card
1 of 0
Question
1 of 2
Private Note