Overview Snapshot HSkidney A 2-year-old boy is referred by his pediatrician to a nephrologist for recurrent urinary tract infections. He was born at 39 weeks and appeared healthy at birth; however, he has developed significantly more urinary tract infections than expected for a child of his age. Physical exam reveals increased fullness in the abdomen and an MRI scan is obtained. Urine cultures are obtained and empirical antibiotics are started pending culture results. Introduction Clinical definition login to view 1 more bullet Epidemiology login to view 2 more bullets Pathogenesis login to view 3 more bullets Associated conditions login to view 2 more bullets Prognosis login to view 2 more bullets Presentation Symptoms login to view 5 more bullets Physical exam login to view 1 more bullet Imaging Kidney ultrasound login to view 2 more bullets Voiding cysturethrogram login to view 4 more bullets Intravenous pyelogram login to view 4 more bullets Differential Unilateral renal agenesis Posterior urethral valves Multicystic dysplastic kidney Duplex collecting system Treatment Conservative login to view 1 more bullet Medical login to view 5 more bullets Complications Postrenal kidney failure due to kidney stones login to view 3 more bullets Hydronephrosis if obstruction is left untreated Anomalous original of multiple renal arteries may complicate surgery