Overview Snapshot A 46-year-old man with a history of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis presents with worsening edema. His dose of furosmemide is increased and he has improvement of his symptoms. Later that week he has routine lab work drawn, and a basic metabolic panel shows an increased serum bicarbonate level. (Contraction alkalosis) Sodium Hyponatremia with all classes of diuretics diuretics act by increasing urine sodium serum sodium may decrease as a result Potassium Hypokalemia loop diuretics and thiazide diuretics due to increased potassium excretion from increased sodium delivery to the cortical collecting tubule Hyperkalemia potassium-sparing diuretics due to decreased potassium secretion in the cortial collecting tubule Blood pH Acidemia carbonic anhydrase inhibitors bicarbonate is secreted and acid is retained potassium-sparing diuretics prevent protons from being secreted by indirectly reducing the activity of the proton ATPase on the apical membrane additionally, hyperkalemia from potassium-sparing diuretics causes potassium ions to enter all cells in exchange for protons, further decreasing serum pH Alkalemia loop diuretics and thiazides volume contraction stimulates the angiontensin II, promoting sodium/proton exchange in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), and increases bicarbonate reabsorption additionally, hypokalemia results in potassium leaving all cells in exchange for protons, which enter cells, further increasing serum pH Urine Calcium Hypercalciuria loop diuretics decreased paracellular calcium reabsorption due to disruption of the luminal potential gradient may result in hypocalcemia Hypocalciuria thiazides enhanced calcium reabsorption at both proximal and distal tubules, also causing hypercalcemia proximal tubule thiazide-induced volume depletion causes enhanced sodium and passive calcium reabsorption distal tubule decreased intracelluluar sodium levels cause increased sodium/calcium exchange at the basal membrane, increasing calcium concentration in the interstitium