Introduction Immunization allows for individuals to be protected against disease Immunity can be conferred in two ways including login to view 2 more bullets Vaccinations are a major source of conferring immunity outside normal infection and include login to view 4 more bullets Often vaccinations require an adjuvent that login to view 6 more bullets Though vaccines are generally safe, contraindications to their use include people with egg allergies who should avoid login to view 1 more bullet pregnant women who should avoid login to view 1 more bullet immunocompromised individuals who should avoid login to view 1 more bullet Active vs Passive Immunity Immunity can be either active or passive with several notable differences Differences Between Active and Passive Immunity Feature Passive Active Acquisition method Receiving preformed antibodies Exposure to infection or to foreign antigens Examples Maternal IgG crossing placenta Babies getting IgA in breast milk Administration of antitoxin Infection with the specific pathogen Administration of a vaccine Onset Immediate upon administration Slow to allow for development of full immune response Duration Very short with a half life between two weeks and four weeks Long or even lifetime Due to generation of memory Viral Vaccines Viral vaccines can either be live attenuated or killed with several notable differences Differences between Live and Killed Vaccines Feature Live Killed Production method Design a nonpathogenic version of a virus that can still grow transiently in the host Inactive pathogen or pathogen antigens by treatment with heat or chemicals Pros Induce both cellular and humoral responsesnduces lifelong immunity (usually) Induces lifelong immunity (usually) Safer than live vaccines because they cannot revert to pathogenic state Cons Cannot give to immunocompromised patients Small chance of reverting to pathogenic state Weaker response (usually only humoral) May require booster shots Examples Everything else MMR VZV Polio (Sabin) Etc Rest In Peace Always Rabies Influenza Polio (Salk) HepatitisA Bacterial Vaccination Bacterial vaccination involves administration of characteristic protein which can be login to view 3 more bullets Select examples of vaccines against pathogenic bacteria include login to view 12 more bullets Parenterally delivered vaccines are not effective against mucosal bacteria due to inferior secretory IgA response login to view 4 more bullets