Snapshot A 50-year-old man presents to the emergency department after experiencing chest pain. He describes the pain as pressure-like that affects the sternum and radiates down the left arm. Medical history is significant for hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and type II diabetes. He smokes 1 pack of cigarettes per day for the past 20 years. On physical exam, the patient appears anxious and diaphoretic. An electrocardiogram demonstrates an ST-segment elevation in leads V1 and V2. Cardiac troponins are sent. He is given aspirin, nitroglycerin, metoprolol, clopidogrel, and unfractionated heparin. The cardiac catheterization lab is activated and the cardiologist is consulted. Introduction Appropriate treatment for acute coronary syndrome must be instituted immediately in order to limit myocardial damage decrease the risk of complications restore the balance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand NSTEMI and Unstable Angina (UA) Introduction NSTEMI and UA are managed in the same manner the goal is to to provide anti-ischemic therapy restores the myocardial oxygen supply and demand anti-thrombotic therapy prevents further growth of the partial thrombotic occlusion Medications anti-ischemic therapy β-blockers (e.g., metoprolol) mechanism decreased sympathetic drive to the heart promotes myocardial electrical stability decreases myocardial demand ↓ cAMP improves mortality in patients with an MI contraindications bronchospasm decompensated heart failure hypotension nitrates (e.g., nitroglycerin, isosorbide mononitrate, and dinitrate) mechanism venodilation reduces preload to the heart, which reduces myocardial demand recall that a reduction in preload reduces ventricular wall stress coronary artery dilation improves blood flow to the myocardium recall that venodilation >> arterial dilation ↑ cGMP arginine is a biochemical precursor of nitric oxide, and supplementation of this amino acid may have a role in augmenting the treatment regimen for chronic stable angina patients contraindicated in patients taking vasodilatory medication for erectile dysfunction (e.g., sildenafil) adverse events nitroprusside causes cyanide toxicity development of tolerance for the vasodilating action during the work week a headache may result from vasodilation of cerebral arteries calcium channel blockers (e.g., verapamil and diltiazem) mechanism reduces heart rate and cardiac contractility this medication is reserved for patients unresponsive to β-blockers and nitrates or have contraindications to β-blockers this is because calcium channel blockers do not provide a mortality benefit anti-thrombotic therapy aspirin mechanism an inhibitor of thromboxane A2 synthesis thromboxane A2 is a prominent promoter of platelet activation improves mortality and should be continued indefinitely P2Y12 ADP receptor inhibitor (e.g., clopidogrel and ticagrelor) mechanism prevents ADP from binding to the P2Y12 receptor, which would normally further activate platelets anti-coagulation therapy unfractionated heparin mechanism binds to antithrombin to enhance its effects inhibits factor Xa ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) Introduction STEMI suggest that there is a total occlusion of the vessel thus the main goal is to induce rapid reperfusion via percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) OR fibrinolytic therapy patients are also given medications such as those used in NSTEMI and UA aspirin unfractionated heparin β-blockers nitrates P2Y12 ADP receptor inhibitor Reperfusion therapy primary PCI the preferred method for reperfusion must be performed within 90 minutes of first medical contact aspirin and a P2Y12 receptor inhibitor is given prior to the procedure fibrinolytic therapy (e.g., alteplase) performed if PCI cannot be performed within 90 minutes or is unavailable fibrinolytics convert plasminogen to plasmin, which degrades newly formed clots Adjunctive Therapy Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors (e.g., lisinopril) provides a mortality benefit prevents ventricular cardiac remodeling and reduces the rate of heart failure Statins (e.g., atorvastatin) an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor that lowers cholesterol levels
QUESTIONS 1 of 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Previous Next Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK (M1.CV.15.4196) A 73-year-old man presents to his primary care physician with chest pain. He noticed the pain after walking several blocks, and the pain is relieved by sitting. On exam, he has a BP 155/89 mmHg, HR 79 bpm, and T 98.9 F. The physician refers the patient to a cardiologist and offers prescriptions for carvedilol and nitroglycerin. Which of the following describes the mechanism or effects of each of these medications, respectively? QID: 106996 Type & Select Correct Answer 1 Increased cAMP; Increased cAMP 6% (17/268) 2 Increased contractility; Decreased endothelial nitrous oxide 1% (4/268) 3 Decreased cAMP; Increased cGMP 83% (222/268) 4 Decreased cGMP; Increased venous resistance 3% (9/268) 5 Increased heart rate; Decreased arterial resistance 6% (15/268) M 3 Question Complexity D Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 3 Review Tested Concept Review Full Topic Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK (M1.CV.13.133) A 55-year-old male is started on nitrate therapy for treatment of stable angina. He experiences significant and immediate relief of his symptoms within minutes of starting therapy. Approximately 48 hours after initiating this new medication, he notes return of chest pain and pressure with exertion that no longer responds to continued nitrate use. Which of the following 24-hour dosing schedules would most likely explain this patient's response to nitrate treatment? QID: 100649 Type & Select Correct Answer 1 Transdermal nitroglycerin patch placed at 7AM then removed and replaced with another at 7PM 35% (59/169) 2 PO regular-release isosorbide dinitrate taken at 8AM, noon, and 5PM 17% (29/169) 3 Transdermal nitroglycerin patch placed at bedtime and removed at 7AM without replacement 16% (27/169) 4 Transdermal nitroglycerin patch placed upon awakening in the morning and removed at 7PM without replacement 15% (25/169) 5 PO extended release isosorbide-5-mononitrate once daily at 8AM 12% (21/169) M 3 Question Complexity E Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 1 Review Tested Concept Review Full Topic (M1.CV.13.96) A 58-year-old male presents with an acutely elevated blood pressure of 220/140 mmHg. The patient complains of a headache and chest pain, and he has been vomiting for the last several hours. Physical exam demonstrates papilledema and a depressed level of consciousness. To treat this patient's hypertensive emergency, he is started on an IV medication commonly used in this situation. The agent exerts its effect by releasing nitric oxide as a metabolite, which subsequently activates guanylate cyclase and increases production of cGMP in vascular smooth muscle. Which of the following clinical effects would be expected from administration of this medication? QID: 100612 Type & Select Correct Answer 1 Decreased cardiac contractility 10% (17/164) 2 Increased left ventricular end-diastolic pressure 6% (10/164) 3 Decreased stroke volume 33% (54/164) 4 Decreased pulmonary capillary wedge pressure 48% (79/164) 5 Increased systemic vascular resistance 2% (3/164) M 1 Question Complexity E Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 4 Review Tested Concept Review Full Topic (M1.CV.13.100) A 66-year-old gentleman presents to a new primary care physician to establish care after a recent relocation. His past medical history is significant for gout, erectile dysfunction, osteoarthritis of bilateral knees, mitral stenosis, and diabetic peripheral neuropathy. He denies any past surgeries along with the use of any tobacco, alcohol, or illicit drugs. He has no known drug allergies and cannot remember the names of the medications he is taking for his medical problems. He states that he has recently been experiencing chest pain with strenuous activities. What part of the patient's medical history must be further probed before starting him on a nitrate for chest pain? QID: 100616 Type & Select Correct Answer 1 Gout 6% (9/141) 2 Erectile dysfunction 79% (111/141) 3 Arthritis 1% (2/141) 4 Mitral stenosis 10% (14/141) 5 Diabetic peripheral neuropathy 1% (1/141) M 1 Question Complexity E Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 2 Review Tested Concept Review Full Topic Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK (M1.CV.12.15) A 56-year-old man with substernal chest pain calls 911. When paramedics arrive, they administer drug X sublingually for the immediate relief of angina. What is the most likely site of action of drug X? QID: 100531 Type & Select Correct Answer 1 Large arteries 5% (17/311) 2 Large veins 71% (222/311) 3 Arterioles 20% (61/311) 4 Cardiac muscle 3% (9/311) 5 Pulmonary arteries 0% (0/311) M 1 Question Complexity E Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 2 Review Tested Concept Review Full Topic (M1.CV.12.14) A 62-year-old Caucasian male receiving treatment for stable angina experiences intermittent throbbing headaches. What is the most likely cause? QID: 100530 Type & Select Correct Answer 1 Transient ischemic attack 8% (29/355) 2 Elevated creatine kinase 1% (4/355) 3 Beta adrenergic inactivation 3% (11/355) 4 Acute hemorrhage 1% (2/355) 5 Vasodilation of cerebral arteries 86% (306/355) M 2 Question Complexity E Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 5 Review Tested Concept Review Full Topic (M1.CV.12.22) A 45-year-old Caucasian man is given nitroglycerin for the management of his stable angina. Nitroglycerin given for the rapid relief of acute angina would most likely be given through what route of administration? QID: 100538 Type & Select Correct Answer 1 Oral 1% (2/167) 2 Sublingual 92% (153/167) 3 Intramuscular injection 1% (1/167) 4 Intravenous injection 6% (10/167) 5 Subcutaneous injection 0% (0/167) M 3 Question Complexity E Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 2 Review Tested Concept Review Full Topic Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK
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