Snapshot A 15-year-old boy presents to the emergency room after collapsing on the basketball court. His mom reports that he has been pushing himself physically to do well in basketball. She states that he has had several episodes of syncope while playing basketball. There is also a family history of sudden cardiac death in several relatives. On physical exam, the boy has an S4 heart sound and a systolic murmur. (Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy) Introduction The cardiac cycle is divided into 7 components Atrial systole (1) login to view 7 more bullets Isovolumetric contraction (2) login to view 6 more bullets Systolic ejection login to view 12 more bullets Isovolumetric relaxation (5) login to view 2 more bullets Rapid ventricular filling (6) login to view 1 more bullet Reduced ventricular filling, or diastasis (7) login to view 1 more bullet Heart Sounds S1 login to view 2 more bullets S2 login to view 2 more bullets S3 login to view 6 more bullets S4 login to view 6 more bullets Jugular Venous Pulse (JVP) a wave login to view 3 more bullets c wave login to view 2 more bullets x descent login to view 4 more bullets v wave login to view 1 more bullet y descent login to view 5 more bullets Exercise Physiology Increased inotropy login to view 1 more bullet Increased end-diastolic volume login to view 3 more bullets Decreased end-systolic volume login to view 1 more bullet