Disease Prevention: Individual Level 1° (Primary prevention) prevent disease occurrence e.g., vaccination 2° (Secondary prevention) early detection of disease to either prevent or decrease morbidity from disease before onset of symptoms e.g., colonoscopy 3° (Tertiary prevention) reduce morbidity from disease after symptom onset e.g., medication 4° (Quaternary prevention) reducing harm by identifying patients who are at risk for unnecessary treatment, overmedicalisation, harm from new interventions, and suggest new interventions which are ethically acceptable e.g., not spending money on things that do not work or recommendation of preventive measures of proven efficacy Disease Prevention: Health Promotion Also known as primordial prevention Prevention at the community level involves promoting the health of entire populations and avoiding health risks altogether Social and economic policy-making cigarette, soda, or other taxes smoke-free cities, buildings, and restaurants investments in public transportation and schools Health education public health campaigns surrounding smoking, alcohol, diet, and exercise Environmental interventions promoting green space reducing pollution Addressing health care disparities