Please confirm topic selection

Are you sure you want to trigger topic in your Anconeus AI algorithm?

Please confirm action

You are done for today with this topic.

Would you like to start learning session with this topic items scheduled for future?

Updated: Jan 3 2021

Inflammation

Images
https://upload.medbullets.com/topic/106003/images/map.jpg
https://upload.medbullets.com/topic/106003/images/rubordolor.jpg
  • Overview
    • Cardinal signs of inflammation
      • rubor (redness)
        • result of vasodilation specifically the arteriolar smooth muscle
        • mediated by prostaglandins, bradykinin, and histamine
      • dolor (pain)
        • result of sensitization of pain nerve endings
        • mediated by bradykinin and PGE2
      • calor (heat)
        • result of vasodilation (increased blood flow)
        • mediated by prostaglandins, bradykinin, and histamine
      • tumor (swelling)
        • result of increased permeability of post capillary venules leading to an exudate
      • functio laesa (loss of function)
  • Stages of Inflammation
    • Fluid exudation
      • endothelial injury
      • ↑ post-capillary venule permeability
      • vasodilation
    • Leukocyte activation
      • emigration
      • chemotaxis (bacterial products, complement, chemokines)
      • phagocytosis
      • killing
    • Potential outcomes
      • restoration of normal structure
      • granulation tissue
        • highly vascularized and fibrotic
      • abscess
        • fibrosis surrounding pus
      • fistula
        • abnormal communication
      • fibrosis/scarring
        • collagen deposition resulting in altered structure and function
  • Acute vs. Chronic
    • Acute
      • chemical mediators
        • activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
        • arachidonic acid metabolites
          • prostaglandins and leukotrienes
        • complement system
        • hageman factor (Factor XII)
      • defined by the effector cells
        • neutrophils
        • eosinophils
        • antibodies
      • rapid onset (seconds to minutes)
      • may have long lasting "acute" inflammation
    • Chronic
      • defined by effector cells
        • monocytes
        • plasma cells
      • characterized by persistent destruction and repair
      • associated with
        • blood vessel proliferation
        • fibrosis
      • granulomas are a subtype of chronic inflammation
        • the body attemps to contain a substance that it perceives as foreign but is unable to eliminate
          • formation is mediated by interferon-γ release from Th1 cells which activate macrophages
            • macrophages release IL-12 which activates Th1 cells
            • granuloma formation is maintained by IL-12 and TNF-alpha
        • defining feature is the presence of epithelioid histiocytes
          • presence of multinucleated giant cells is not required for a granuloma
        • two types
          • caseating
            • presence of central necrotic zone
            • e.g. TB, fungal infections
          • noncaseating
            • lack of central necrotic zone
            • e.g. sarcoidosis, beryllium, Crohn disease, cat scratch disease (Bartonella), and Wegener's granulomatosis
Card
1 of 0
Question
1 of 4
Private Note