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Updated: Nov 28 2019

Blood Cell Types

Images
https://upload.medbullets.com/topic/111002/images/path_rbc_normal.jpg
https://upload.medbullets.com/topic/111002/images/platelet.jpg
https://upload.medbullets.com/topic/111002/images/basophil2.jpg
https://upload.medbullets.com/topic/111002/images/mast_cell_em.jpg
https://upload.medbullets.com/topic/111002/images/eosinophil4.jpg
https://upload.medbullets.com/topic/111002/images/neutrophil.jpg
https://upload.medbullets.com/topic/111002/images/monocyte1.jpg
https://upload.medbullets.com/topic/111002/images/macrophagey.jpg
https://upload.medbullets.com/topic/111002/images/lymphocyte-01a..jpg
https://upload.medbullets.com/topic/111002/images/plasma_cell_plasmocyte_photo.jpg
  • Basophil
    • Structure
      • bilobate nucleus covered by densely staining basophilic granules
    • Function
      • mediates allergic reaction
    • Derived from
      • granulocyte precursors
    • Pathologies
      • basophilia
        • seen with CML
    • Other important features
      • basophilic granules contain
        • heparin (anticoagulant)
        • histamine (vasodilator) 
        • vasoactive amines
      • can synthesize leukotrienes
  • Platelet (thrombocyte)
    • Structure 
      • smallest formed element in the blood
      • anucleate
    • Function
      • primary hemostasis and blood clotting
      • prevents leakage of damaged vessels
    • When activated by endothelial injury
      • aggregates with other platelets
      • interacts with fibrinogen to form hemostatic plug
    • Derived from
      • small fragments of membrane/cytoplasm from megakaryocytes
    • Pathologies
      • thrombocytopenia or platelet dysfunction results in petechiae, increased bleeding time
    • Other important features
      • contains
        • dense granules (ADP, calcium)
        • α-granules (vWF, fibrinogen)
      • approximately 1/3 of platelet pool is stored in spleen 
        • asplenia results in thrombocytosis
      • Lifespan = 8-10 daysimportant because aspirin permanently inactivates platelets and it takes this long to fully replenish functional platelets
  • Erythrocyte
    • Structure
    • anucleatebiconcavegives large surface area to volume ratio
    • Function
      • gas exchange (O2 and CO2)
        • due to large surface areaCO2 transportmembrane contains the chloride-bicarbonate antiporterimportant in the physiologicchloride shiftallows the RBC to transport CO2 from the periphery to the lungs for elimination
      • CO2 transport
        • membrane contains the chloride-bicarbonate antiporter
        • important in the physiologicchloride shift
          • allows the RBC to transport CO2 from the periphery to the lungs for elimination
    • Derived from
      • reticulocyte
        • immature erythrocyte
    • Pathologies
      • anisocytosis = varying sizes
      • poikilocytosis = varying shapes
    • Other important features
      • glucose functions as only source of energy
      • RBCsvlack mitochondria so cannot use
        • citric acid cycle
        • β-oxidation of fatty acids
        • ketone body synthesis
      • survival time = 120 days
  • Mast cell
    • Structure
      • cells in tissue with surface bound IgE
    • Function
      • mediates allergic reaction via degranulation when IgE on surface is crosslinked
        • secretory granules contain
          • histamine
          • heparin
          • eosinophil chemotactic factors
        • also contains tryptase
    • Derived from
      • mast cells resemble basophils structurally and functionally and are derived from the same precursor
    • Pathologies
      • type I hypersensitivity reactions
    • Other important features
      • cromolyn sodium prevents mast cell degranulation
  • Eosinophil
    • Structure
      • bilobate nucleus with large eosinophilic granules that do not cover the nucleus
    • Function
      • defends against invasive helminthic infections
        • uses major basic protein 
      • phagocytoses antigen-antibody complexes
      • contains reaction following mast cell degranulation
        • produces anti-inflammatory histaminase and arylsulfatase
    • Derived from
      • granulocyte precursors
    • Pathologies
      • eosinophilia
        • neoplasms (e.g., Hodgkins lymphoma)
        • allergic processes
        • asthma
        • collagen vascular diseases
        • invasive helminths
  • Neutrophil
    • Structure
      • multilobed nucleus (3-5 lobes) with large spherical, azurophilic granules
    • Function
      • acute inflammatory response cell
      • phagocytic
    • Derived from
      • granulocyte precursor
    • Pathologies
      • hypersegmented nuclei in B12 and/or folate deficiencies (> 5 lobes)
    • Other important features
      • granules contain
        • hydrolytic enzymeslysozymemyeloperoxidaselactoferrin
  • Monocyte
    • Structure
      • cells in peripheral blood larger than RBCs with kidney-shaped nucleus
      • "frosted-glass" cytoplasm
    • Function
      • phagocytosis
      • antigen presentation 
      • differentiate into macrophages when it reaches tissue
    • Derived from
      • monocytic precursor
    • Pathologies
      • monocytic leukemia
  • Macrophage
    • Function
      • phagocytosis
      • antigen presentation
      • tissue healing
    • Derived from
      • circulating monocytes
    • Pathologies
      • chronic inflammation inflammatory may have dysregulated macrophages
      • M. tuberculosis can live inside macrophages
    • Other important features
      • long life in tissues
      • activated by γ-interferon
  • Dendritic cells
    • Function
      • professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
      • main inducers of primary antibody response
    • Other important features
      • called Langerhans cells in skin
  • B lymphocyte
    • Structure
      • circular nucleus with small amount of surrounding pale cytoplasm
    • Function
      • antibody production
        • B cells differentiate into plasma cells
      • antigen presentation
    • Derived from
      • lymphocytic precursor in bone marrow 
      • matures in bone marrow also
    • Pathologies
      • B-cell lymphoma
  • T lymphocyte
    • Structure 
      • circular nucleus with small amount of surrounding pale cytoplasm
    • Function
      • mediates cellular immune responses
      • T cells differentiate into
        • cytotoxic T cells (MHC I, CD8)
        • helper T cells (MHC II, CD4)
          • also helps with antibody production
        • suppressor T cells
    • Derived from
      • lymphocytic precursor in bone marrow
      • matures in the thymus
    • Pathologies
      • helper T cells destroyed in HIV infection
      • T-cell lymphoma
  • Plasma cell
    • Structure
      • abundant RER
      • off center nucleus with clock-face chromatin
    • Function
      • produce large amounts of antibody specific to a particular antigen
    • Derived from
      • B cells
    • Pathologies
      • multiple myeloma
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