Updated: 5/8/2021

Antihypertensive Therapy

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  • Snapshot
    • A 44-year-old man presents to his primary care physician for an annual examination. He currently does not have any acute complaints. He has been attempting to increase the number of fruits and vegetables in his diet and has lost approximately 15 pounds over 6 months. His medical history is significant for type II diabetes mellitus and he is currently taking metformin. Physical examination is remarkable for a blood pressure of 155/103 mmHg and mildly decreased vibration and proprioception sense in his lower extremities. He returns to the clinic for two consecutive days to measure his blood pressure, which is 152/100 mmHg and 158/107 mmHg. He is started on lisinopril.
  • Introduction
    • Antihypertensive medications are used to manage hypertension in patients where conservative measures are ineffective
      • there are four commonly used antihypertensive medications
        • diuretics
          • thiazides
          • potassium-sparing diuretics
        • sympatholytics
          • β-blockers
          • α-blockers
        • vasodilators
          • calcium channel blockers
          • hydralazine
          • minoxidil
        • renin-angiotensin-aldosterone inhibitors
          • angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
          • angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs)
  • Diuretics
    • Medications
      • thiazides
        • mechanism of action
          • inhibits the NaCl transporter in the distal tubule
          • vasodilation (mechanism is unclear)
      • potassium-sparing diuretics
        • mechanism of action
          • promotes Na+ excretion in the distal nephron
  • Sympatholytics
    • Medications
      • β-blockers
        • mechanism
          • decreases heart rate, which in turn, decreases cardiac output
          • decreases renin release, which in turn, decreases total peripheral resistance
        • notes
          • can result in bronchospasm, impotence, and hyperglycemia
        • e.g., metoprolol
      • α-agonists
        • mechanism
          • central α2-agonist
            • decreases the sympathetic outflow to blood vessels, heart, and kidneys by activating presynaptic α2-adrenoreceptors
              • e.g., methyldopa and clonidine
      • α-blockers
        • mechanism
          • α1-blockers
            • blood vessel smooth muscle relaxation
              • e.g., prazosin
  • Vasodilators
    • Medications
      • hydralazine
        • mechanism
          • increases cGMP to cause direct vascular smooth muscle relaxation
        • note
          • this causes a reflex tachycardia; therefore, β-blockers are often given together
      • minoxidil
        • mechanism
          • direct arteriolar smooth muscle relaxation
      • calcium channel blockers
        • mechanism
          • decreases cardiac and vascular calcium influx, resulting in a decreased cardiac output and total vascular resistance
  • Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Inhibitors
    • Medications
      • angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
        • mechanism
          • inhibits ACE, which in turn, decreases circulating angiotensin II (AT-II)
            • recall that AT-II causes
              • vascular vasoconstriction
              • increased aldosterone secretion from the adrenal gland (zona glomerulosa)
        • notes
          • decreases mortality in patients with
            • acute myocardial infarction
            • heart failure with decreased ejection fraction
          • can result in a cough
          • beneficial for patients with diabetes
      • angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs)
        • mechanism
          • directly blocks the AG-II receptor
        • notes
          • beneficial for patients with diabetes
  • Antihypertensives in Pregnancy
    • Medication options used to manage hypertension in pregnancy include
      • hydralazine
      • labetalol
      • methyldopa
      • nifedipine
  • Antihypertensives in Hypertensive Emergencies
    • Nitroprusside
      • mechanism
        • arteriole and venous dilation via cGMP
      • notes
        • is metabolized into cyanide, which can potentially lead to cyanide poisoning
    • Fenoldopam
      • mechanism
        • a peripheral dopamine-1 receptor agonist
      • notes
        • maintains renal perfusion while the blood pressure is being decreased
          • therefore, it is beneficial in patients with renal impairment
    • Nicardipine and clevidipine
      • mechanism
        • decreases cardiac and vascular calcium influx
    • Labetalol
      • mechanism
        • α- and β-blocker
  • Antihypertensive Medications That Address Comorbid Conditions
      • Individualizing Antihypertensive Therapy
      • Condition
      • Antihypertensive Medication
      • Benign prostatic hyperplasia
      • α-blockers
      • Essential tremor
      • β-blocker
      • Hyperthyroidism
      • β-blocker
      • Migraine
      • β-blocker
      • Calcium channel blocker
      • Osteoporosis
      • Thiazide diuretics
      • Raynaud phenomenon
      • Dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker
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(M1.CV.17.4753) A 45-year-old male with a history of diabetes and poorly controlled hypertension presents to his primary care physician for an annual check-up. He reports that he feels well and has no complaints. He takes enalapril and metformin. His temperature is 98.8°F (37.1°C), blood pressure is 155/90 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, and respirations are 16/min. His physician adds another anti-hypertensive medication to the patient’s regimen. One month later, the patient returns to the physician complaining of new onset lower extremity swelling. Which of the following medications was likely prescribed to this patient?

QID: 108864

Metoprolol

5%

(12/246)

Verapamil

12%

(30/246)

Nifedipine

65%

(161/246)

Hydrochlorthiazide

11%

(26/246)

Spironolactone

5%

(12/246)

M 4 C

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(M1.CV.13.139) A 59-year-old man presents to general medical clinic for his yearly checkup. He has no complaints except for a dry cough. He has a past medical history of type II diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, asthma, and depression. His home medications are sitagliptin/metformin, lisinopril, atorvastatin, albuterol inhaler, and citalopram. His vitals signs are stable, with blood pressure 126/79 mmHg. Hemoglobin A1C is 6.3%, and creatinine is 1.3 g/dL. The remainder of his physical exam is unremarkable. If this patient's cough is due to one of the medications he is taking, what would be the next step in management?

QID: 100655

Change citalopram to escitalopram

0%

(0/116)

Change lisinopril to propanolol

3%

(3/116)

Change lisinopril to amlodipine

4%

(5/116)

Change atorvastatin to to lovastatin

0%

(0/116)

Change lisinopril to losartan

91%

(106/116)

M 3 E

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(M1.CV.13.84) A 60-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician for a wellness checkup. She has a past medical history of hypertension and was discharged from the hospital yesterday after management of a myocardial infarction. She states that sometimes she experiences exertional angina. Her temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), blood pressure is 147/98 mmHg, pulse is 90/min, respirations are 17/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is within normal limits. Which of the following is the best next step in management?

QID: 100600

Atenolol

27%

(79/294)

Furosemide

10%

(29/294)

Hydrochlorothiazide

23%

(68/294)

Nifedipine

9%

(26/294)

Nitroglycerin

30%

(87/294)

M 1 E

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(M1.CV.13.90) A 67-year-old gentleman with a history of poorly controlled diabetes presents to his primary care physician for a routine examination. He is found to be hypertensive on physical exam and is started on a medication that is considered first-line therapy for his condition. What should the physician warn the patient about before the patient takes his first dose of the medication?

QID: 100606

Hypertensive episodes

3%

(4/127)

Hypotensive episodes

87%

(110/127)

Hyperthermic episodes

2%

(2/127)

Hypothermic episodes

1%

(1/127)

Anuric episodes

7%

(9/127)

M 4 D

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(M1.CV.13.85) A 72-year-old anthropologist with long-standing hypertension visits your office for a routine exam. You notice an abnormality on his laboratory results caused by his regimen of captopril and triamterene. What abnormality did you most likely find?

QID: 100601

Hypercalcemia

9%

(11/129)

Hyperkalemia

76%

(98/129)

Hypernatremia

9%

(11/129)

Thrombocytopenia

2%

(3/129)

Anemia

0%

(0/129)

M 3 E

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(M1.CV.12.93) A 67-year-old man with a history of diabetes mellitus type II and a previous myocardial infarction presents to your office for a routine examination. His blood pressure is found to be 180/100 mmHg. Which drug is the first-line choice of treatment for this patient's hypertension?

QID: 100609

Amlodipine

4%

(4/102)

Hydrochlorothiazide

17%

(17/102)

Lisinopril

73%

(74/102)

Prazosin

5%

(5/102)

Isoproterenol

2%

(2/102)

M 3 E

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