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Inhaled anesthetics such as halothane lead to increased cerebral blood flow, decreased respiratory rate, and decreased blood pressure in patients. The goal of general anesthesia is reversible central nervous system (CNS) depression that provides analgesia, sedation, decreased anxiety, amnesia, relaxation of skeletal muscle, and prevention of reflexes. Volatile inhaled anesthetics are a method of maintaining this state and include agents such as halothane, sevoflurane, and isoflurane. All inhaled anesthetics are lipid-soluble agents that distribute from the alveoli through the bloodstream to CNS neurons. The physiologic changes induced by these agents include increased cerebral blood flow, decreased respiratory rate, and decreased blood pressure. Drummond studied how inhaled volatile anesthetics affect cerebral blood flow. They found that the baseline metabolic rate is important in determining the relative amount of vasodilation caused by each volatile anesthetic. Figure A is a table with sets of physiological changes including cerebral blood flow, blood pressure, and respiratory rate. Incorrect Answers: Answer 1: Decreased cerebral blood flow, decreased respiratory rate, and decreased blood pressure can be induced by opioids such as morphine or heroin. These agents are used for analgesia but do not cause general anesthesia. Answer 2: Decreased cerebral blood flow, increased respiratory rate, and increased blood pressure can be caused by sympathomimetic drugs of abuse such as cocaine. Answer 4: Increased cerebral blood flow, decreased respiratory rate, and increased blood pressure is incorrect because volatile inhaled anesthetics in general have a vasodilatory effect due to decreased smooth muscle contraction. Answer 5: Increased cerebral blood flow, increased respiratory rate, and increased blood pressure is incorrect because volatile inhaled anesthetics in general have a vasodilatory effect due to decreased smooth muscle contraction. In addition, general anesthesia leads to decreased respiratory rate due to decreased stimulation of the diaphragm. Bullet Summary: Inhaled volatile anesthetics lead to increased cerebral blood flow, decreased respiratory rate, and decreased blood pressure.
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