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Lead time bias; Pygmalion effect
53%
70/132
Lead time bias; Golem effect
9%
12/132
Latency bias; Pygmalion effect
10%
13/132
Latency Bias; Golem effect
3%
4/132
Confounding; Golem effect
Select Answer to see Preferred Response
Study A is likely to have lead time bias, while Study B is likely to show the Pygmalion effect. Lead-time bias occurs when earlier disease detection falsely suggests prolonged disease survival. It should be especially suspected in studies of new diagnostic tools for diseases that have no effective treatments. The Pygmalion effect is a cognitive bias in which patients who are told that they will do better produce better results. The Golem effect refers to the opposite phenomenon, where patients who are told that they will do poorly produce worse results. Dwan et al. discuss forms of bias that are specific to meta-analyses. They note that study publication bias and outcome reporting bias should be considered in all meta-analyses. Study publication bias occurs because studies with positive results are more likely to be published, even though studies with negative results may be of equal quality and meaning. Outcome reporting bias refers to the tendency to under-report or under-value results that are not consistent with the experimenter or reviewer's expectations. Illustration A is a diagram showing the mechanism of lead-time bias in evaluation of a cancer screening test. Incorrect Answers: Answers 2, 3, and 4: The Golem effect refers to the phenomenon where patients who are told that they will do poorly produce poor results. Latency refers to years when a disease is not manifested; latency is not a type of bias. Answer 5: Confounding occurs when both the exposure and the outcome are positively or negatively related by a third factor.
2.5
(6)
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