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Lamellar bodies - type I pneumocytes
1%
2/140
Mitochondria - type II pneumocytes
4%
5/140
Lamellar bodies - type II pneumocytes
91%
128/140
Endoplasmic reticulum - type I pneumocytes
0%
0/140
Plasma membrane - type II pneumocytes
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Destruction of the lamellar bodies of type II pneumocytes would result in loss of production of pulmonary surfactant and lead to neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). This infant is presenting with the typical picture of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. This syndrome is seen in premature infants and is caused by an insufficient production of surfactant, a substance which helps to prevent the collapse of terminal air spaces during respiration (Illustration A). Surfactant is produced by specialized cells called type II penumocytes and is packaged by structures called lamellar bodies. It is then released into the air spaces where it performs its function. Hermansen and Lorah review the causes, diagnosis, and treatment of respiratory distress in the newborn. The state that RDS can occur in premature infants as a result of surfactant deficiency and underdeveloped lung anatomy. Prenatal administration of corticosteroids between 24 and 34 weeks gestation reduces the risk of neonatal RDS when the risk of preterm delivery is high. Chen et al. review current perspectives for management of acute respiratory insufficiency in premature infants. When respiratory insufficiency occurs, it is very important to introduce respiratory support as soon possible, in order to reduce development of pulmonary cyanosis and edema, as well as intrapulmonary or intracardiac shunts. Figure A shows the typical "ground glass" appearance that is seen on a chest CT in an infant with neonatal RDS. Illustration A shows a graphic representing the collapsed alveoli resulting from the increased surface tension due to lack of surfactant. Incorrect Answers: Answer 1: Lamellar bodies are found in type II pneumocytes, not type I. Answer 2: Mitochondria are not directly related to surfactant production nor neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. Answer 4: Endoplasmic reticulum is not directly related to surfactant production nor neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. Furthermore, surfactant is produced in type II, not type I pneumocytes Answer 5: The plasma membrane is not directly related to surfactant production nor neonatal respiratory distress syndrome.
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