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Review Question - QID 103899

Bias Types of Bias QID: 103899 (M1.ST.14.82)
In scope icon M 1 E
QID 103899 (Type "103899" in App Search)
A recently published prospective cohort study of 1,000 men reports that smoking is significantly associated with higher rates of esophageal cancer. The next week, however, the journal publishes a letter to the editor in which a re-analysis of the study's data when accounting for the confounding effects of alcohol usage found no association between smoking and esophageal cancer. Which of the following statements is both necessary and sufficient to explain the change in result?
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