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Review Question - QID 215143

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QID 215143 (Type "215143" in App Search)
A 32-year-old man is brought in by helicopter to the burn intensive care unit for 40% total body surface area burns sustained after an unknown assailant ignited the patient with gasoline. The patient is yelling in exquisite pain. On exam, his temperature is 99.0°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 108/76 mmHg, pulse is 116/min, and respirations are 16/min. Oxygen saturation on pulse oximetry is 99%. There is no injury to his head or neck, and his airway and oropharynx are free of soot. Burns have been sustained to his chest, abdomen, back, bilateral arms and bilateral legs. Burns are non-circumferential, and escharotomies are not indicated. Large bore intravenous lines are placed and fluid resuscitation is started. The team then proceeds with placing an arterial line and central venous access. After an initial unsuccessful attempt, the patient develops sudden onset shortness of breath, and the pulse oximeter now reads 92%. A chest X-ray is performed and shown in Figure A. Which of the following was the likely access attempt that resulted in these X-ray findings?
  • A

Left internal jugular

10%

9/86

Left subclavian

42%

36/86

Right brachiocephalic

12%

10/86

Right external jugular

10%

9/86

Right subclavian

17%

15/86

  • A

Select Answer to see Preferred Response

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This patient with sudden shortness of breath, decreased oxygen saturation, and a chest radiograph demonstrating a left pneumothorax has likely sustained an injury related to an attempt at left subclavian central venous access.

Central venous access, also known as a central line, is a form of venous access in a large, centrally-located vein. Common sites for central access include the internal jugular vein, the subclavian vein, or the femoral vein. Central venous access allows for the delivery of medication or fluids during resuscitation that may not be adequately delivered in a smaller peripheral vein. There are certain situations that require central access, such as hemodialysis or chemotherapy. A potential complication of central venous access is injury to the lung pleura. The incidence of pneumothorax is highest with subclavian vein access, as this vessel is located at the apex of the lung. An upright chest X-ray or ultrasonography can be used to detect pneumothorax. In the chest radiograph, there will be a notable area lacking lung markings. In severe cases, tension physiology may result, with tracheal deviation and mediastinal shift.

Figure/Illustration A shows a left pneumothorax. The collapsed lung is accentuated on this radiograph taken during expiration, and the borders are outlined in white (marked with a white arrow). There is also tracheal deviation and mediastinal shift away from the affected side.

Incorrect Answers:
Answer 1: The left internal jugular vein is an option for central venous access; however, this is less of a risk of pneumothorax compared to the left subclavian vein.

Answer 3: The right brachiocephalic vein would not be the primary access point for a central line. The brachiocephalic vein is proximal to the internal jugular vein and the subclavian vein. This is also known as the innominate vein and leads to the superior vena cava.

Answer 4: The right external jugular vein would be a much less likely cause of a left-sided pneumothorax. The external jugular vein enters the subclavian vein.

Answer 5: The right subclavian vein would be a much less likely cause of a left-sided pneumothorax.

Bullet Summary:
Central venous access through the subclavian vein can result in a pneumothorax, which can be detected by ultrasonography or chest radiograph.

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